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. 2026 Mar 3;16(3):e109764. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109764

Table 1. Significant (p<0.05) variant annotations assigned to INH, RIF, PZA and EMB, according to TBGxforAfrica Application39.

Gene Level of evidence SNP Impact/phenotype (drug) No of studies Significance range (p) Populations Reference
AADAC rs1803155 Reduced exposure (RIF) 1 0.03 African 40
SLCO1B1 3 rs11045819 Altered clearance (RIF) 1 0.0009 African 41
SLCO1B1 3 SLCO1B1*15 (rs4149056) ATDILI (RIF) 1 0.007 Asian 42
NOS 3 rs11080344 ATDILI (INH, RIF) 1 0.036 East Asian 43
NR1I2 3 rs2472677 Peripheral nervous system (INH, RIF) 1 0.018 African 44
NR1I2 3 rs2472677 Death (INH, RIF) 1 0.007 African 44
RIPOR2 3 rs10946739 ATDILI (RIF) 1 0.0000041 African 45
RIPOR2 3 rs10946737 ATDILI (RIF) 1 0.00000044 African 45
CUX2 3 rs7958375 ATDILI (INH, RIF, EMB, PZN) 1 0.000012 Sub-Saharan African 45
TNFa 3 rs1800629 ATDILI (INH, RIF, EMB, PZN) 1 0.034 East Asian 46
AGBL4 3 rs393994 ATDILI (INH, RIF, EMB, PZN) 1 0.0000076 Sub-Saharan African 45
AGBL4 3 rs320003 ATDILI (INH, RIF, EMB, PZN) 1 0.0000083 Sub-Saharan African 45
AGBL4 3 rs319952 ATDILI (INH, RIF, EMB, PZN) 1 0.0000085 Sub-Saharan African 45
CYP3A5 2 rs776746 Reduced BDQ exposure 1 0.0017 Sub-Saharan African 12
CYP2B6 2 CYP2B6*6 (rs3745274) ATDILI 2 0.02 Asian 47
SLCO1B1 3 rs4149056 Altered RIF clearance 1 <0.001 Asians 42
SLCO1B1 3 rs4149032 Reduced RIF exposure 1 Not reported Sub-Saharan African 48
NAT2 (1–3) varies NAT2*14 (rs1801279), NAT2*5 (rs1801280), NAT2*6 (1799930), NAT2*7 (rs1799931) Slow acetylator status (INH toxicity) 20+ 0.0001–0.05 African, Asian European 49
CYP2E1 (2–3) varies rs2031920 Modifies INH toxic metabolite formation 10+ 0.001–0.05 Asian 50
GSTM1 2–3 Gene deletion (null genotype) Increased risk of ATDILI 10+ <0.05 Asian 51 52
GSTT1 2–3 Gene deletion (null genotype) Increased risk of ATDILI 10+ N/A Asian 51
CYP2C9 2 rs9332096 Drug-induced maculopapular eruption (INH, RIF) 5+ 0.022 Asian 53
CYP2C19 2 rs4986893 Drug-induced maculopapular eruption (INH, RIF) 5+ 0.042 Asian 53
No well-characterised PG markers currently identified available (CFZ, delamanid (DLM), LFX, LZD)

Studies including African populations are indicated in green. While extensive PG associations have been reported for first-line drugs used in DS-TB, evidence for second-line drugs used in MDR-TB remains sparse. Few studies have examined genetic variants affecting metabolism of newer drugs like BDQ. Notably, variants in CYP3A5 and CYP2B6 have been linked to altered BDQ metabolism, yet broader PG data for MDR-TB regimens are lacking—particularly in African populations.

ATDILI, antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury; BDQ, bedaquiline; CFZ, clofazimine; DS-TB, drug-sensitive tuberculosis; EMB, ethambutol; INH, isoniazid; LFX, levofloxacin; LZD, linezolid; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; PG, pharmacogenetics; PharmGKB, Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base; PZA, pyrazinamide; PZN, pyrazinamide; RIF, rifampicin; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.