. 2026 Mar 4;24:165–173. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2482

Table 5.

Evaluation of MDAS, STAI-1, and STAI-2 scores according to living and oral hygiene habits

		n/844 (%)	MDAS Mean ± SD (median; min-max)	p	STAI-1 Mean ± SD (median; min-max)	p	STAI-2 Mean ± SD (median; min-max)	p
*Statistically significant at p<0.05. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups with the same lowercase superscript letters (Dunn’s Test with Bonferroni correction); a: none vs < 1 pack a day, p=0.002; b: none vs > 1 pack a day, p<0.001; c: once a day vs no brushing, p=0.002; d: twice a day vs not brushing, p=0.002; e: 1–2 times a week vs no brushing, p=0.028; f: very good vs good p=0.001, g: very good vs moderate, p<0.001; h: very good vs moderate, p=0.036; i: very good vs very bad, p=0.009; j: very good vs moderate, p=0.006; k: very good vs bad, p=0.039; l: never vs regularly, p=0.001; m: when a problem occurs vs regularly, p<0.001; n: when a problem occurs vs regularly, p=0.020.
Smoking habit	None	573 (68)	11.15±4.301 (10; 5–25)^a	0.002*	40.60±6.530 (40; 23–80)^b	<0.001*	46.97±6.680 (46; 32–80)	0.818
<1 pack a day	132 (15.6)	10.06±4.807 (9; 5–25)^a	41.70±5.752 (41; 31–60)	47.25±6.936 (47; 28–67)
>1 pack a day	59 (7)	9.97±4.382 (9; 5–20)	43.98±6.532 (43; 28–63)^b	48.12±8.706 (46; 32–80)
Smoked and quit	80 (9.4)	10.63±4.193 (10; 5–25)	41.35±6.317 (41; 30–62)	46.85±6.132 (46. 38–68)
Frequency of tooth- brushing	Once a day	257 (30.5)	10.80±4.422 (10; 5–25)	0.290	40.99±6.539 (40; 28–63)^c	0.003*	46.41±6.480 (46; 32–68)	0.275
Twice a day	551 (65.3)	10.87±4.357 (10; 5–25)	40.98±6.376 (40; 23–80)^d	47.34±6.825 (47; 28–80)
1–2 times a week	27 (3.2)	11.52±5.003 (11; 5–21)	41.19±5.711 (43; 28–51)^e	46.41±6.141 (46; 38–58)
Not brushing	60 (1.1)	8.67±4.213 (7; 5–19)	49.33±5.745 (47; 44–62)^c,d,e	52.56±13.639 (48; 42–80)
Self–reported oral hygiene	Very good (completely healthy)	52 (6.2)	9.37±3.876 (9; 5–20)	0.022*	44.94±7.795 (44; 32–80)^f,g	<0.001*	48.73±8.591 (47; 32–80)	0.341
Good (healthy)	287 (34)	10.55±4.179 (10; 5–25)	40.73±5.989 (40; 28–63)^f	46.49±6.548 (46; 32–80)
Moderate	418 (49.6)	11.07±4.446 (10; 5–25)	40.72±6.606 (40; 23–63)^g	47.20±6.699 (47; 28–78)
Bad (poor)	75 (8.8)	4.446±4.645 (11; 5–25)	41.85±5.654 (41; 28–59)	47.61±7.075 (47; 32–69)
Very bad (completely poor)	12 (1.4)	13.50±6.245 (13; 5–21)	40.50±4.275 (41; 35–48)	46.67±7.101 (45.50; 39–59)
Self–reported oral health	Very good (completely healthy)	45 (5.2)	9.07±3.407 (9; 5–19)^h,i	0.005*	44.29±8.398 (43; 28–80)^j,k	0.001*	47.71±9.864 (47; 32–80)	1.000
Good (healthy)	243 (28.3)	10.39±4.141 (10; 5–25)	41.43±6.371 (41; 28–64)	46.94±6.315 (47; 32–80)
Moderate	418 (49.5)	11.07±4.446 (10; 5–25)h	40.56±6.423 (40; 23–63)^j	47.13±6.955 (46; 28–78)
Bad (poor)	116 (13.7)	11.71±4.711 (11; 5–25)	40.58±5.642 (40; 28–62)^k	46.90±6.012 (47; 36–69)
Very bad (completely poor)	24 (2.8)	10.71±5.000 (9.50; 5–21)i	42.88±5.186 (44.00; 28–51)	47.38±6.858 (46; 39–68)
Frequency of dental visits	Never been	55 (6.5)	11.35±4.54 (12; 5–24)l	<0.001*	42.67±7.93 (43; 28–80)	0.007*	47.13±7.46 (47; 32–80)	0.682
When a problem occurs	672 (79.6)	11.11±4.40 (10; 5–25)^m	40.74±6.33 (40; 23–64)ⁿ	47.07±6.61 (46; 28–78)
Regularly	117 (13.9)	9.08±3.86 (8; 5–25)^l,m	42.31±6.07 (41; 30–62)ⁿ	47.13±7.73 (46. 32–80)
Treatments performed in a dental clinic
Filling	None	377 (44.7)	10.98±4.375 (11; 5–25)	0.273	41.18±6.844 (41; 23–80)	0.779	46.92±7.082 (46;32–80)	0.343
At least once	467 (55.3)	10.74±4.415 (10; 5–25)	41.00±6.114 (40; 27–63)	47.21±6.616 (47; 28–72)
Extraction	None	581 (68.8)	10.48±4.219 (10; 5–25)	<0.001*	41.11±6.213 (40; 23–80)	0.560	46.98±6.681 (46; 32–80)	0.500
At least once	263 (31.2)	11.66±4.671 (11; 5–25)	41.01±6.947 (41; 25–63)	47.32±7.142 (47; 28–80)
Other	None	536 (63.50)	11.14±4.583 (10. 5–25)	0.029*	40.73±6.528 (40; 25–80)	0.022*	46.95±6.784 (46; 28–80)	0.520
At least once	308 (36.50)	10.33±4.007 (10; 5–25)	41.69±6.266 (41; 23–64)	47.32±6.902 (47; 32–78)

n/844

(%)

MDAS

Mean ± SD

(median; min-max)

STAI-1

Mean ± SD

(median; min-max)

STAI-2

Mean ± SD

(median; min-max)

*Statistically significant at p<0.05. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups with the same lowercase superscript letters (Dunn’s Test with Bonferroni correction); a: none vs < 1 pack a day, p=0.002; b: none vs > 1 pack a day, p<0.001; c: once a day vs no brushing, p=0.002; d: twice a day vs not brushing, p=0.002; e: 1–2 times a week vs no brushing, p=0.028; f: very good vs good p=0.001, g: very good vs moderate, p<0.001; h: very good vs moderate, p=0.036; i: very good vs very bad, p=0.009; j: very good vs moderate, p=0.006; k: very good vs bad, p=0.039; l: never vs regularly, p=0.001; m: when a problem occurs vs regularly, p<0.001; n: when a problem occurs vs regularly, p=0.020.

Smoking habit

None

573

(68)

11.15±4.301

(10; 5–25)^a

0.002*

40.60±6.530

(40; 23–80)^b

<0.001*

46.97±6.680

(46; 32–80)

0.818

<1 pack a day

132 (15.6)

10.06±4.807

(9; 5–25)^a

41.70±5.752

(41; 31–60)

47.25±6.936

(47; 28–67)

>1 pack a day

(7)

9.97±4.382

(9; 5–20)

43.98±6.532

(43; 28–63)^b

48.12±8.706

(46; 32–80)

Smoked and quit

(9.4)

10.63±4.193

(10; 5–25)

41.35±6.317

(41; 30–62)

46.85±6.132

(46. 38–68)

Frequency of tooth- brushing

Once a day

257 (30.5)

10.80±4.422

(10; 5–25)

0.290

40.99±6.539

(40; 28–63)^c

0.003*

46.41±6.480

(46; 32–68)

0.275

Twice a day

551

(65.3)

10.87±4.357

(10; 5–25)

40.98±6.376

(40; 23–80)^d

47.34±6.825

(47; 28–80)

1–2 times a week

27 (3.2)

11.52±5.003

(11; 5–21)

41.19±5.711

(43; 28–51)^e

46.41±6.141

(46; 38–58)

Not brushing

60 (1.1)

8.67±4.213

(7; 5–19)

49.33±5.745

(47; 44–62)^c,d,e

52.56±13.639

(48; 42–80)

Self–reported oral hygiene

Very good (completely healthy)

(6.2)

9.37±3.876

(9; 5–20)

0.022*

44.94±7.795

(44; 32–80)^f,g

<0.001*

48.73±8.591

(47; 32–80)

0.341

Good (healthy)

287

(34)

10.55±4.179

(10; 5–25)

40.73±5.989

(40; 28–63)^f

46.49±6.548

(46; 32–80)

Moderate

418

(49.6)

11.07±4.446

(10; 5–25)

40.72±6.606

(40; 23–63)^g

47.20±6.699

(47; 28–78)

Bad (poor)

(8.8)

4.446±4.645

(11; 5–25)

41.85±5.654

(41; 28–59)

47.61±7.075

(47; 32–69)

Very bad (completely poor)

(1.4)

13.50±6.245

(13; 5–21)

40.50±4.275

(41; 35–48)

46.67±7.101

(45.50; 39–59)

Self–reported oral health

Very good (completely healthy)

(5.2)

9.07±3.407

(9; 5–19)^h,i

0.005*

44.29±8.398

(43; 28–80)^j,k

0.001*

47.71±9.864

(47; 32–80)

1.000

Good (healthy)

243

(28.3)

10.39±4.141

(10; 5–25)

41.43±6.371

(41; 28–64)

46.94±6.315

(47; 32–80)

Moderate

418

(49.5)

11.07±4.446

(10; 5–25)h

40.56±6.423

(40; 23–63)^j

47.13±6.955

(46; 28–78)

Bad (poor)

116

(13.7)

11.71±4.711

(11; 5–25)

40.58±5.642

(40; 28–62)^k

46.90±6.012

(47; 36–69)

Very bad (completely poor)

(2.8)

10.71±5.000

(9.50; 5–21)i

42.88±5.186

(44.00; 28–51)

47.38±6.858

(46; 39–68)

Frequency of dental visits

Never been

(6.5)

11.35±4.54

(12; 5–24)l

<0.001*

42.67±7.93

(43; 28–80)

0.007*

47.13±7.46

(47; 32–80)

0.682

When a problem occurs

672 (79.6)

11.11±4.40

(10; 5–25)^m

40.74±6.33

(40; 23–64)ⁿ

47.07±6.61

(46; 28–78)

Regularly

117 (13.9)

9.08±3.86

(8; 5–25)^l,m

42.31±6.07

(41; 30–62)ⁿ

47.13±7.73

(46. 32–80)

Treatments performed in a dental clinic

Filling

None

377

(44.7)

10.98±4.375

(11; 5–25)

0.273

41.18±6.844

(41; 23–80)

0.779

46.92±7.082

(46;32–80)

0.343

At least once

467

(55.3)

10.74±4.415

(10; 5–25)

41.00±6.114

(40; 27–63)

47.21±6.616

(47; 28–72)

Extraction

None

581

(68.8)

10.48±4.219

(10; 5–25)

<0.001*

41.11±6.213

(40; 23–80)

0.560

46.98±6.681

(46; 32–80)

0.500

At least once

263

(31.2)

11.66±4.671

(11; 5–25)

41.01±6.947

(41; 25–63)

47.32±7.142

(47; 28–80)

Other

None

536

(63.50)

11.14±4.583

(10. 5–25)

0.029*

40.73±6.528

(40; 25–80)

0.022*

46.95±6.784

(46; 28–80)

0.520

At least once

308

(36.50)

10.33±4.007

(10; 5–25)

41.69±6.266

(41; 23–64)

47.32±6.902

(47; 32–78)