Central Illustration.

Bleeding Risk in Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest by Etiology

The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding varied depending on the underlying causes of cardiac arrest. The incidence of bleeding was lowest for the exogenous stratum, followed by the endogenous noncardiac stratum, and highest for the endogenous cardiac stratum. Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) insertion was a risk factor for hemorrhagic complications in both procedure- and nonprocedure-related bleeding. ECPR = extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; OHCA = out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.