Table 1.
Patient Characteristics Stratified by Strata
| All (N = 1,935) | Endogenous Cardiac Stratum (n = 1,417) |
Endogenous Noncardiac Stratum (n = 305) |
Exogenous Stratum (n = 213) |
P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.9 ± 14.0 | 58.8 ± 13.4 | 58.8 ± 14.3 | 59.5 ± 16.9 | 0.72 |
| Age ≥75 ya | 239 (12.4) | 154 (10.9) | 41 (13.4) | 44 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1,597 (82.5) | 1,229 (86.7) | 215 (70.5) | 153 (71.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 4.4 | 24.8 ± 4.2 | 24.8 ± 5.2 | 23.9 ± 5.0 | 0.10 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Hypertensionb | 755 (29.8) | 453 (32.0) | 78 (25.6) | 46 (21.6) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 367 (19.0) | 307 (21.7) | 27 (8.9) | 33 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 204 (10.5) | 180 (12.7) | 14 (4.6) | 10 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 443 (22.9) | 384 (27.1) | 31 (10.2) | 28 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular diseaseb | 123 (6.4) | 92 (6.5) | 16 (5.3) | 15 (7.0) | 0.66 |
| Chronic renal failureb | 93 (4.8) | 77 (5.4) | 10 (3.3) | 6 (2.8) | 0.10 |
| Medication | |||||
| Antiplatelet | 212 (11.0) | 184 (13.0) | 16 (5.3) | 12 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 101 (5.2) | 80 (5.7) | 10 (3.3) | 11 (5.2) | 0.24 |
| Antiplatelet or anticoagulanta | 245 (12.7) | 208 (14.7) | 20 (6.6) | 17 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet and anticoagulant | 34 (1.8) | 28 (2.0) | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.4) | 0.45 |
| No antiplatelet and anticoagulant | 1,656 (85.6) | 1,181 (83.4) | 282 (92.5) | 193 (85.6) | <0.001 |
| Location of cardiac arrest | <0.001 | ||||
| Home | 785 (40.7) | 551 (39.0) | 143 (47.0) | 91 (42.9) | |
| Workplace | 206 (10.7) | 163 (11.5) | 27 (8.9) | 16 (7.6) | |
| Public place | 328 (17.0) | 271 (19.2) | 37 (12.2) | 20 (9.4) | |
| Street | 254 (13.2) | 204 (14.4) | 24 (7.9) | 26 (12.3) | |
| Witnessed by EMS | 230 (11.9) | 142 (10.0) | 61 (20.1) | 27 (12.7) | |
| Others | 126 (6.5) | 82 (5.8) | 12 (4.0) | 32 (15.1) | |
| Witnessed cardiac arrest | 1,474 (76.6) | 1,101 (78.1) | 242 (79.6) | 131 (62.4) | <0.001 |
| Bystander CPRb | 1,074 (56.6) | 791 (56.7) | 191 (64.3) | 92 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| Initial cardiac rhythm | <0.001 | ||||
| VF | 1190 (62.1) | 1010 (71.8) | 75 (24.8) | 105 (50.7) | |
| VT | 37 (1.9) | 28 (2.0) | 4 (1.3) | 5 (2.4) | |
| PEA | 501 (26.2) | 265 (18.9) | 180 (59.4) | 56 (27.1) | |
| Asystole | 188 (9.8) | 103 (7.3) | 44 (14.5) | 41 (19.8) | |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Albumin <4 mg/dLb | 1,586 (89.5) | 1,177 (89.3) | 248 (92.5) | 161 (86.6) | 0.11 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 52.0 ± 21.9 | 51.4 ± 18.7 | 51.4 ± 27.4 | 57.4 ± 30.6 | 0.042 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2a | 1,331 (71.2) | 1,003 (72.9) | 199 (69.6) | 129 (62.3) | 0.006 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 1.0 ± 3.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| CRP ≥5 mg/dLa | 83 (4.6) | 39 (2.9) | 28 (10.1) | 16 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| White blood cells/μL | 10,176 ± 4,738 | 10,506 ± 4,660 | 9,790 ± 4,816 | 8,535 ± 4,782 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.5 ± 2.9 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 11.5 ± 3.2 | 11.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin <11 g/dLa | 501 (26.8) | 308 (22.5) | 119 (41.3) | 74 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| Platelet ×104/μL | 15.3 ± 7.4 | 15.5 ± 7.1 | 14.4 ± 7.6 | 15.1 ± 9.8 | 0.015 |
| Platelet <10 × 104/μLa | 403 (21.6) | 267 (19.5) | 80 (27.8) | 56 (27.1) | 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 226.6 ± 107.0 | 228.4 ± 94.4 | 213.4 ± 138.1 | 233.5 ± 128.9 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen <200 mg/dLb | 705 (41.7) | 488 (39.8) | 139 (51.5) | 78 (39.8) | 0.002 |
| APTT, s | 46.0 (34.4-84.6) | 45.0 (33.9-83.2) | 53.5 (38.6-90.2) | 45.7 (35.0-93.0) | 0.008 |
| APTT ≥60 sb | 652 (36.8) | 457 (35.2) | 123 (44.9) | 72 (36.6) | 0.010 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 13.2 (5.2-30.8) | 12.3 (5.0-28.2) | 23.8 (9.6-68.4) | 8.9 (2.8-27.1) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer ≥5 μg/mLa | 1,282 (75.6) | 925 (75.2) | 241 (86.7) | 116 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 12.9 ± 4.3 | 13.1 ± 4.1 | 12.8 ± 4.4 | 11.4 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Lactate >5 mmol/La | 1,634 (95.7) | 1,235 (97.2) | 239 (95.2) | 160 (86.5) | <0.001 |
| ECMO cannulation place | <0.001 | ||||
| Emergency room | 1,250 (65.1) | 887 (63.0) | 194 (64.2) | 169 (79.7) | |
| Catheter laboratorya | 668 (34.8) | 517 (36.7) | 108 (35.8) | 43 (20.3) | |
| Others | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Institutiona | |||||
| Q1 | 1,074 (55.5) | 750 (52.9) | 197 (64.6) | 127 (59.6) | <0.001 |
| Q2 | 484 (25.0) | 369 (26.0) | 67 (22.0) | 48 (22.5) | 0.22 |
| Q3 | 259 (13.4) | 197 (13.9) | 29 (9.5) | 33 (15.5) | 0.078 |
| Q4 | 118 (6.1) | 101 (7.1) | 12 (3.9) | 5 (2.4) | 0.006 |
| Coronary angiography | 1,364 (70.5) | 1,180 (83.3) | 119 (39.0) | 65 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| Percutaneous catheter intervention | 766 (40.8) | 745 (54.0) | 13 (4.5) | 8 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| IABP insertiona | 1,099 (56.9) | 1,000 (70.7) | 60 (19.9) | 39 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Temporary pacemaker | 105 (5.8) | 95 (7.2) | 6 (2.1) | 4 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| CRRT | 241 (12.5) | 199 (14.0) | 22 (7.2) | 20 (9.4) | 0.002 |
| Length of ICU stay, d | 3 (1-10) | 4 (1-11) | 1 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, d | 3 (1-18) | 4 (1-22) | 2 (1-6) | 2 (1-10) | <0.001 |
| Survival at hospital discharge | 500 (25.8) | 404 (28.5) | 45 (14.8) | 51 (23.9) | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).
APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CRP = C-reactive protein; CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; EMS = emergency medical service; IABP = intra-aortic balloon pumping; ICU = intensive care unit; PEA = pulseless electrical activity; VF = ventricular fibrillation; VT = ventricular tachycardia.
a
Covariables used in the multivariate analysis.
b
Covariates added in the sensitivity analysis.