Figure 2.

Venous sinus stenosis contributing to cognitive decline. Stenosis of the draining dural sinuses (A) leading to chronic venous insufficiency (B), which in turn leads to an increased pressure gradient, inhibiting efficient drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the glymphatic system, in turn causing elevated intracranial pressure (C). In specific pathologies, such as Alzheimer disease, β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau tangles) are unable to be cleared properly by the glymphatic system, leading to increased intracranial pressure (D). AQP4 indicates aquaporin-4.