Table 4.

Mechanical properties of PMMA and PLA nanocomposites incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles.

Author and Year	Nanoparticle Used	Polymer Matrix	Concentration (%)	Flexural Strength (MPa)	Impact Strength (kJ/m²)	Elastic Modulus (GPa)
Kamonkhantikul et al., 2017 (10).	Zinc Oxide Nanofiller	Polylactic Acid (PLA)	2% - 5%	85 - 95 MPa	3.5 - 4.2 kJ/m²	2.1 - 2.5 GPa
Shafiee Nasab et al. 2018 (20).	Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles	Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)	1%, 3%, 5%	97.5, 100.2, 103.8	8.4, 8.9, 9.1	2.8, 3.0, 3.2
Lipovsky et al., 2011 (6).	ZnO	PMMA	1-4%	93.3-107.5	0.89-1.22	4.0-4.8
Mousavi et al., 2020 (15).	Silver (Ag), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Chitosan	Poly-L-lactic acid (PLA)	0.625% to 5%	Typically increased	Typically increased	Typically increased
Vikram S et al. 2020 (24).	Zinc Oxide (ZnO)	PMMA	0.4 to 1.4%	71.73 to 91.31	Not provided	Not provided
Aboshama M et al. 2022 (25).	Zirconium Oxide (ZrO₂) and Titanium Oxide (TiO₂)	PMMA	1.5 to 5%	63.96 to 110.95 Mpa, 61.46 to 126.94 Mpa, 53.34 to 96.84 Mpa	Not reported	Not reported
	Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Abd Alwahab et al. 2020 (21).	Nano ZrO2	PMMA	0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 1.0%	Not provided	Not provided	Not provided
	Nano ZnO		0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 1.0%	Not provided	Not provided	Not provided
Fahmi MK et al. 2019 (16).	Zirconium Oxide	Heat-polymerized PMMA	0.5%, 1%, 3%	Not mentioned	1.95, 2.93, 3.89	Not mentioned
Collares FM et al. 2020 (22).	Zinc Oxide Nanostructures (ZnO-NN)	Methacrylate-based dental sealer	20%, 30%, 40%	Approximately 85-90 MPa (non-significant variation among concentrations)	Not reported	Approximately 2.5-3.0 GPa (non-significant variation among concentrations)
Raj et al. 2018 (23).	Zinc oxide (ZnO)	Polylactic acid (PLA	1%, 2%, 3%	Increased with higher concentrations of ZnO	Enhanced at optimal concentration	Increased with ZnO addition