Table 9.

Comparison of key urban and Climatic characteristics between Nanchang and Singapore and implications for framework transferability.

Dimension	Nanchang (China)	Singapore	Implications for framework transferability
Climate regime	Subtropical monsoon climate with hot, humid summers	Tropical rainforest climate with persistently high temperatures	Core cooling processes (e.g., vegetation evapotranspiration and airflow-mediated heat dissipation) operate consistently across warm–humid climates, despite different thermal baselines
Urban density	Medium–high density with extensive inland water bodies	Extremely high density with limited land availability	Spatial manifestations of cooling differ, but underlying physical processes (evapotranspiration, shading and advective cooling) remain comparable
Dominant cooling elements	Large lakes, rivers, wetlands, horizontal green–blue corridors	Urban parks, park connector network, vertical greenery	The framework accommodates both horizontal and vertical cooling-source configurations by abstracting cooling elements as functionally equivalent network nodes.
Vegetation cooling mechanism	Evapotranspiration and surface albedo effects dominate cooling	Evapotranspiration combined with shading from multi-layer vegetation	Vegetation-driven cooling remains the core mechanism, with structural complexity modulating cooling intensity rather than altering the mechanism itself
Network connectivity	Lake–river systems and green corridors enabling lateral ventilation	Island-wide park connectors linking parks and waterways	Cooling effects can be conceptualised as spatially connected networks in both contexts, supporting network-based modelling approaches
Built environment interaction	Surface composition and imperviousness strongly influence LST	Building height and compact morphology enhance shading and modify airflow	Built–natural interactions are city-specific, but interaction analysis captures how urban form mediates cooling effectiveness
Framework adaptation	Emphasis on horizontal connectivity and water-based cold sources	Greater emphasis on vertical greenery and compact urban form	Framework requires context-sensitive parameterisation and representation, rather than structural modification
Overall transferability	Empirically validated through spatial modelling in Nanchang	Supported by mechanism-based evidence from the literature	The framework demonstrates robust mechanistic transferability, suggesting applicability across high-density warm–humid urban contexts.

Note: Transferability here refers to the consistency of underlying cooling mechanisms and network logic, rather than the full re-implementation of the analytical workflow in Singapore.