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. 2026 Mar 2;16:8147. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34505-2

Table 2.

Thematic literature mapping Table.

S.No. Citation Technologies & Techniques Employed Key Finding Performance Metrics Dataset Description
(1) Existing CTI Frameworks
Alazab et al. (2024)10 ML + CTI framework Integrated threat analytics pipeline Accuracy: 89%, TDR: 90% Public + private CTI feeds
Venckauskas et al. (2024)3 Self-learning CTI, scalable architecture Real-time scalable CTI detection 91.3% Accuracy Simulated attack logs
Elsedimy and AboHashish (2025)31 Hybrid ML, Sperm Whale Algorithm IoT intrusion detection system Accuracy: 94%, F1: 92% CICIDS2017
Afzal et al. (2024)5 Context-aware BERT, multi-class classifiers Detection of fake URLs on social media Accuracy: 92%, F1: 90.5% Social media URL dataset
Gulbay and Demirci (2024)17 Graph ML, Heterogeneous Networks APT prediction via APT-Scope Accuracy: 90% Open-source APT data
Yu et al. (2024)14 ML/DL in Industry 4.0 Cyber resilience in industrial systems Accuracy: 91% KDD Cup 1999
(2) NLP in Cybersecurity
Salim, M. M et al.,(2024)16 Federated learning–based CTI framework with NLP Robust IOC extraction & secure CTI sharing Precision: 94%, Recall: 92% Multi-source CTI feeds
Wang et al. (2024)37 Few-shot learning, NER NER-enhanced threat extraction F1: 88%, Precision: 90% Open-source CTI reports
(3) Adaptive Machine Learning Approaches
Adaptive Incremental ML (2021)9 Incremental DL, concept drift, stream updates Real-time adaptive malware/IDS detection Accuracy: 94.7%, F1: 92% CICIDS2017, NSL-KDD
Villegas-Ch et al. (2024)13 Adaptive IoT security with ML Lightweight threat detection TDR: 94%, Energy gain: 20% UNSW-NB15
(4) Blockchain in CTI
Nazir et al. (2024)26 Blockchain + Ensemble ML IoT threat detection via secure chain Accuracy: 93% CICIDS2017
Dunnett et al. (2024)15 Privacy-preserving blockchain CTI sharing Transaction success: 98% Simulated blockchain sharing
Aguru and Erukala (2024)6 Blockchain + IoT OTI-IoT for multi-vector DDoS detection Detection: 95%, FPR: 3% Simulated IoT data
Venckauskas et al. (2024a)3 Incentive blockchain sharing High-speed blockchain CTI exchange < 2 s latency Simulated CTI network