| Lack of Novel Predictive Power |
EES mechanisms have not yet generated unique or
superior predictions compared to those of the Modern
Synthesis. |
Wray et al. (2014) |
| Sufficient Flexibility of Modern Synthesis |
Existing evolutionary theory is seen as adaptable
enough to integrate new findings without a paradigm shift. |
Wray et al. (2014);
Charlesworth et al.
(2017) |
| Insufficient Quantitative and Population
Models |
EES lacks rigorous mathematical models equivalent
to those in population genetics, especially for epigenetics and
soft inheritance. |
Lynch (2007); Charlesworth et al.
(2017) |
| Conceptual Ambiguity |
Critics argue that EES often conflates proximate
and ultimate causes, especially regarding plasticity and
developmental bias. |
Dickins and Rahman
(2012) |
| Lack of Empirical Necessity |
The empirical phenomena highlighted by EES are seen
as addressable within the current framework and do not demand
theoretical reconstruction. |
Charlesworth et al.
(2017); Futuyma and
Kirkpatrick (2017) |
| Overstatement of Novelty |
Many EES concepts (e.g., cultural transmission,
horizontal gene transfer) have long been studied within
evolutionary biology. |
Griffiths et al.
(2008) |
| Limited Theoretical Integration |
Although EES brings attention to new processes, it
lacks formal integration into models that allow for predictive
and testable outcomes. |
Lynch (2007); Charlesworth et al.
(2017) |
