Table 4.

Conditional Multigroup Latent Growth Curve Model Results of Parenting Dimensions by Parent Gender Across Country Income Level

	Parental Monitoring (M)	Parental Monitoring (F)	Family Obligations (M)	Family Obligations (F)	Individualism (M)	Individualism (F)	Collectivism (M)	Collectivism (F)	Conformity Values (M)	Conformity Values (F)
	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
	High Income Countries
Intercept	.11 (.04)	−.05 (.04)	.03 (.05)	−.09 (.07)	.00 (.06)	−.04 (.07)	.08 (.08)	.28 (.09)	.09 (.02)	.09 (.02)
Linear slope	−.10 (.07)	.02 (.07)	−.05 (.08)	−.16 (.09)	−.06 (.08)	.06 (.11)	.07 (.11)	.02 (.13)	−.19 (.03)	.02 (.03)
Quadratic slope	.12 (.02)	.02 (.02)	.04 (.03)	.27 (.03)	.08 (.03)	−.06 (.03)	.11 (.03)	−.19 (.04)	.18 (.01)	−.06 (.01)
	Upper-Middle Income Countries
Intercept	.11 (.05)	−.05 (.05)	.39 (.08)	−.45 (.07)	−.02 (.09)	.02 (.09)	.21 (.09)	−.17 (.09)	.19 (.02)	−.02 (.02)
Linear slope	.15 (.09)	.04 (.07)	−.46 (.13)	−.32 (.11)	−.16 (.14)	.31 (.14)	−.21 (.16)	.20 (.16)	.17 (.04)	−.02 (.04)
Quadratic slope	−.18 (.03)	.06 (.03)	.38 (.04)	.46 (.04)	.07 (.04)	−.31 (.04)	.15 (.05)	−.23 (.05)	−.21 (.01)	−.01 (.01)
	Lower-Middle Income Countries
Intercept	−.38 (.06)	.47 (.05)	−.04 (.07)	.17 (.06)	.10 (.07)	−.11 (.06)	.12 (.07)	.14 (.07)	.24 (.03)	−.02 (.03)
Linear slope	.13 (.08)	.07 (.08)	−.29 (.09)	−.12 (.10)	−.27 (.10)	.02 (.10)	−.12 (.13)	−.02 (.13)	−.32 (.04)	.13 (.05)
Quadratic slope	−.12 (.03)	−.13 (.03)	.39 (.03)	.01 (.03)	.16 (.03)	.04 (.03)	.08 (.04)	.03 (.04)	.31 (.01)	−.15 (.02)

Note. Values represent standardized regression coefficients (β) with standard errors (SE) in parentheses. Bold values refer to p < .05. M = mother; F = father.