Table 1.
Univariate analyses of the impact of risk factors on the development of DDH in the overall study population
| Risk factors | Control group (n = 924) |
Study group (n = 227) |
P values |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age on DDH diagnosis (months, mean ± SD) |
2.96 ± 1.50 (95% CI: 2.86–3.05) |
2.92 ± 1.45 (95% CI: 2.73–3.11) |
0.378 |
| Sex (number, %) | |||
| Girl | 558 (60%) | 178 (78%) | < 0.001* |
| Boy | 366 (40%) | 49 (22%) | |
| Firstborn girl (number, %) | 244 (26%) | 84 (37%) | < 0.001* |
|
Gestation period at delivery (weeks, mean ± SD) |
38.17 ± 2.39 (95% CI: 38.01–38.32) |
38.27 ± 2.07 (95% CI: 38–38.54) |
0.279 |
| Maternal age (years, mean ± SD) |
29.08 ± 5.23 (95% CI: 28.75–29.42) |
28.70 ± 5.28 (95% CI: 28.01–29.39) |
0.162 |
| Birth weight (grams, mean ± SD) |
3109.50 ± 623.30 (95% CI: 3069.26–3149.75) |
3211.72 ± 680.84 (95% CI: 3122.67- 3300.76) |
0.15 |
| Birth weight category | |||
| Low (< 2500 g) | 112 (12%) | 20 (9%) | 0.245 |
| Normal (2500–4000 g) | 787 (85%) | 198 (87%) | |
| High (> 4000 g) | 25 (3%) | 9 (4%) | |
| Laterality (number, %) | |||
| Unilateral DDH | 168 (77%) | ||
| Bilateral DDH | 52 (23%) | ||
| Affected side of unilateral DDH (number, %) | |||
| Left | 48 (21%) | ||
| Right | 127 (51%) | ||
| Breech presentation (number, %) | 55 (6%) | 22 (10%) | 0.034* |
| Family history (number, %) | 28 (%3) | 3 (%1) | 0.249 |
| Oligohydramnios (number, %) | 14 (%2) | 9 (%4) | 0.02* |
| Prematurity (number, %) | 117 (13%) | 26 (12%) | 0.357 |
| Postmaturity (number, %) | 11 (1%) | 4 (2%) | 0.513 |
|
Multiparity (number, %) Primipara Multipara |
405 (44%) 519 (80%) |
103 (45%) 124 (55%) |
0.365 |
| Twin pregnancy (number, %) | 41 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 0.082 |
|
Type of delivery (number, %) C-section Vaginal |
570 (62%) 354 (38%) |
131 (58%) 96 (42%) |
0.153 |
| Foot deformities (number, %) | 53 (6%) | 23 (10%) | 0.015* |
|
Pathologic USG examination (number, %) | |||
| Stable dysplastic hips | 138 (61%) | ||
| Unstable hips | 89 (39%) | ||
*Low birth weight: <2500 g; Normal birth weight: 2500–4000 g; High birth weight: >4000 g. Prematurity: <37 weeks’ gestation; Postmaturity: >42 weeks’ gestation