Table 5.

Comparison of the existing literature on the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip

Study	Risk Factor	OR (95% CI)	Notes
Woodacre et al. [7]	Female sex	7.2 (4.6–11.2)	Identified primary risk factors for DDH.
	Breech presentation	24.3 (13.1–44.9)
	Family history	15.9 (11.0–22.9)
	First or second child	1.8 (1.5–2.3)
Schams et al. [12]	Female sex	4.07 (3.01–5.51)	Increased risk especially with high birth weight.
	Breech presentation	4.98 (3.71–6.71)
	Family history	5.05 (3.49–7.31)
	Female sex + high birth weight	3.51 (2.45–5.03)
Talbot et al. [2]	Female sex	0.028 per 1000 live births (0.021–0.037)	Raises questions about the UK’s screening policy.
Ömeroğlu et al. [10]	Family history	2.42 (1.50–3.91)	Demonstrated effects of single and multiple risk factors.
	Breech presentation	1.87 (1.12–3.11)
	Swaddling	2.81 (1.72–4.59)
Tirta et al. [9]	Female sex	2.50 (1.74–3.59)	Provides robust pooled estimates of established RFs across diverse populations.
	Breech presentation	4.15 (2.62–6.57)
	Family history	3.83 (2.05–7.15)
	High birth weight	2.00 (1.60–2.49)
	Oligohydramnios	3.76 (1.66–8.53)
The current study	Female sex	2.518 (1.777–3.568)	Provides more precise estimates with narrower confidence intervals.
	Breech presentation	1.817 (1.065–3.101)
	Oligohydramnios	2.762 (1.149–6.639)	Highlights additional risk factors overlooked in previous studies.
	Foot deformities	2.262 (1.331–3.842)