Table 3.
Odds of in-range A1C1 follow-up tests associated with physical activity facility density and park distance among United States veterans with a new type-2 diabetes diagnosis in 2008–2018 by urbanicity, examined using two statistical modeling approaches.
| |
Odds of all A1C1 follow-up tests in-range |
Odds of repeated A1C1 follow-up tests in-range |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratios2 | 95 % confidence intervals | Adjusted Odds Ratios3 | 95 % confidence intervals | |
| Density of physical activity facilities | ||||
| High density urban | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.02 | 1.01* | 1.00, 1.01 |
| Low density urban | 1.04* | 1.01, 1.07 | 1.03* | 1.01, 1.04 |
| Suburban/small town | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.08 |
| Rural | 1.19 | 0.93, 1.54 | 1.08 | 0.90, 1.29 |
| Distance to seven closest parks | ||||
| High density urban | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.07 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 |
| Low density urban | 1.02* | 1.01, 1.03 | 1.01* | 1.00, 1.02 |
| Suburban/small town | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 |
| Rural | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
A1C =glycated hemoglobin, an indicator of glycemic control.
Logistic regression used to model odds of all A1C follow-up tests in-range vs. less than all tests in-range with an asterisk indicating significance. All logistic regression models controlled for baseline A1C, age at diabetes diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, income/disability, marital status, comorbidities, and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status, land use mix, % black, and % Hispanic.
Generalized estimating equations (GEE) used to model odds of repeated A1C follow-up tests in-range vs. not-in-range with an asterisk indicating significance. All GEE models also controlled for time of A1C test in years since new type-2 diabetes diagnosis.