Table 2.
Characteristics of study sample by mortality across race and ethnicity
| White (n = 5064) |
Black (n = 4089) |
Mexican American (n = 4162) |
Other (n = 584) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive (n = 3279) |
Deceased (n = 1785) |
Alive (n = 2861) |
Deceased (n = 1228) |
Alive (n = 3019) |
Deceased (n = 1143) |
Alive (n = 468) |
Deceased (n = 116) |
|
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–34 | 1281 (95.0%) | 75 (5.0%) | 1488 (91.9%) | 136 (8.1%)* | 1640 (88.8%) | 190 (11.2%)* | 198 (95.5%) | 11 (4.5%) |
| 35–49 | 1136 (87.4%) | 185 (12.6%) | 1012 (80.2%) | 274 (19.8%)* | 934 (81.6%) | 235 (18.4%)* | 159 (89.3%) | 18 (10.7%) |
| 50–64 | 715 (56.7%) | 600 (43.3%) | 310 (45.0%) | 419 (55.0%)* | 358 (56.6%) | 349 (43.4%) | 91 (65.8%) | 48 (34.2%) |
| 65 + | 147 (15.5%) | 925 (84.5%) | 51 (12.8%) | 399 (87.2%) | 87 (21.2%) | 369 (78.8%) | 20 (32.7%) | 39 (67.3%)* |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1406 (73.4%) | 936 (26.6%) | 1174 (70.1%) | 663 (29.9%) | 1413 (76.7%) | 661 (23.3%) | 197 (83.2%) | 54 (16.9%)* |
| Female | 1873 (76.4%) | 849 (23.6%) | 1687 (77.3%) | 565 (22.7%) | 1606 (82.2%) | 482 (17.8%)* | 271 (84.1%) | 62 (15.9%) |
| NAFLD | ||||||||
| Yes | 344 (56.0%) | 387 (44.0%) | 75 (64.6%) | 194 (35.4%)* | 469 (69.9%) | 300 (30.1%)* | 66 (89.8%) | 16 (10.2%)* |
| No | 2935 (77.5%) | 1398 (22.5%) | 2586 (75.3%) | 1034 (24.7%) | 2550 (81.1%) | 843 (18.9%)* | 402 (82.7%) | 100 (17.3%) |
| NALF | ||||||||
| Yes | 566 (61.2%) | 540 (38.8%) | 423 (64.2%) | \283 (35.8%) | 805 (74.2%) | 428 (25.8%)* | 92 (85.1%) | 26 (14.9%)* |
| No | 2713 (78.3%) | 1245 (21.7%) | 2438 (76.1%) | 945 (23.9%) | 2214 (81.3%) | 715 (18.7%) | 376 (83.3%) | 90 (16.7%) |
| NASH | ||||||||
| Yes | 66 (45.9%) | 124 (54.1%) | 52 (46.5%) | 68 (53.5%) | 112 (66.2%) | 105 (33.8%)* | 12 (72.6%) | 6 (27.4%) |
| No | 3190 (76.0%) | 1637 (24.0%) | 2776 (75.0%) | 1136 (25.0%) | 2857 (80.0%) | 1015 (20.0%)* | 453 (83.9%) | 109 (16.1%)* |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Current | 900 (73.2%) | 516 (26.8%) | 910 (68.0%) | 518 (32.0%)* | 675 (76.2%) | 300 (23.8%) | 98 (78.3%) | 34 (21.7%) |
| Former | 830 (65.1%) | 710 (34.9%) | 376 (63.5%) | 290 (36.5%) | 556 (72.4%) | 339 (27.6%)* | 68 (78.3%) | 24 (21.7%) |
| Non-smoker | 1549 (82.6%) | 559 (17.4%) | 1575 (81.8%) | 419 (18.2%) | 1788 (83.1%) | 04 (16.9%) | 302 (87.2%) | 58 (12.8%) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Current Drinkers | 1911 (80.7%) | 741 (19.3%) | 1332 (77.8%) | 459 (22.2%) | 1479 (81.9%) | 448 (18.1%) | 188 (85.2%) | 41 (14.8%) |
| Historical drinkers | 986 (65.8%) | 783 (34.2%) | 929 (69.4%) | 508 (30.6%) | 928 (76.0%) | 435 (24.0%)* | 121 (82.0%) | 37 (18.0%)* |
| Never drinkers | 339 (68.0%) | 241 (32.0%) | 516 (74.5%) | 210 (25.5%) | 544 (77.9%) | 236 (22.1%)* | 136 (84.9%) | 27 (15.1%)* |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal | 1576 (80.7%) | 632 (19.3%) | 1112 (76.6%) | 412 (23.4%)* | 1091 (82.1%) | 318 (17.9%) | 233 (86.2%) | 45 (13.8%)* |
| Overweight | 1048 (73.4%) | 644 (26.6%) | 898 (74.6%) | 397 (25.4%) | 1137 (79.5%) | 453 (20.5%)* | 136 (82.1%) | 37 (17.9%) |
| Obese | 655 (64.7%) | 509 (35.3%) | 851 (70.6%) | 414 (29.4%)* | 782 (75.5%) | 361 (24.5%)* | 98 (79.5%) | 34 (20.5%) |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| Yes | 68 (33.2%) | 221 (66.8%) | 99 (34.0%) | 222 (66.0%) | 140 (47.2%) | 251 (52.8%)* | 19 (56.4%) | 15 (43.6%) |
| No | 3206 (76.9%) | 1561 (23.1%) | 2762 (77.2%) | 1003 (22.8%) | 2873 (81.5%) | 890 (18.5%)* | 449 (84.8%) | 101 (15.2%)* |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| Yes | 539 (46.2%) | 912 (53.8%) | 571 (49.3%) | 733 (50.7%) | 364 (54.4%) | 481 (45.6%)* | 70 (61.8%) | 48 (38.2%) |
| No | 2730 (82.9%) | 866 (17.1%) | 2277 (84.4%) | 490 (15.6%) | 2574 (83.7%) | 645 (16.3%) | 387 (87.9%) | 67 (12.1%) |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | 91.87 ± 0.81 | 106.34 ± 1.43 | 94.07 ± 0.96 | 113.62 ± 2.34 | 94.23 ± 0.64 | 113.50 ± 2.45 | 94.79 ± 1.28 | 104.41 ± 4.00 |
| Normal (< 100) | 2598 (79.8%) | 1050 (20.2%) | 2069 (78.7%) | 662 (21.3%) | 2266 (83.2%) | 588 (16.8%)* | 326 (86.6%) | 58 (13.4%)* |
| Pre-DM (100–125) | 488 (64.1%) | 450 (35.9%) | 460 (70.0%) | 250 (30.0%) | 512 (74.9%) | 287 (25.1%)* | 96 (75.2%) | 35 (24.8%) |
| DM (≥ 126 mg/dL) | 67 (33.6%) | 208 (66.4%) | 91 (36.1%) | 200 (63.9%) | 105 (41.8%) | 217 (58.2%) | 21 (75.0%) | 16 (25.0%)* |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 9.31 ± 0.31 | 13.07 ± 0.48 | 12.52 ± 0.36 | 16.57 ± 0.98 | 12.29 ± 0.38 | 15.12 ± 0.73 | 11.92 ± 0.68 | 14.86 ± 1.21 |
| < 25 uU/mL | 3087 (76.1%) | 1579 (23.9%) | 2452 (75.5%) | 973 (24.5%) | 2709 (80.1%) | 959 (19.9%)* | 412 (84.3%) | 93 (15.7%)* |
| ≥ 25 uU/mL | 102 (51.8%) | 153 (48.2%) | 215 (61.1%) | 162 (38.9%) | 196 (68.4%) | 152 (31.6%)* | 37 (76.7%) | 17 (23.3%)* |
| Lipids (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.23 ± 1.08 | 219.82 ± 1.26 | 194.15 ± 0.76 | 212.97 ± 1.77 | 195.50 ± 1.20 | 210.15 ± 2.62 | 196.16 ± 2.91 | 212.09 ± 4.73 |
| Good (< 200 mg/dL) | 1629 (83.2%) | 542 (16.8%) | 1544(79.6%) | 468 (20.4%)* | 1628 (83.5%) | 426 (16.5%) | 258 (88.2%) | 43 (11.8%) |
| Elevated (200–239) | 986 (70.1%) | 658 (29.9%) | 766 (73.6%) | 351 (26.4%) | 877 (77.9%) | 382 (22.1%)* | 111 (78.5%) | 36 (21.5%) |
| High (≥ 240) | 570 (62.3%) | 533 (37.7%) | 339 (56.7%) | 310 (43.3%) | 405 (66.5%) | 299 (33.5%) | 80 (77.7%) | 30 (22.3%)* |
| Transferrin saturation (%) | 27.39 ± 0.36 | 25.76 ± 0.31 | 24.04 ± 0.25 | 23.91 ± 0.36 | 25.87 ± 0.30 | 25.75 ± 0.44 | 25.86 ± 0.56 | 27.64 ± 1.24 |
| < 45% | 2954 (74.3%) | 1645 (25.7%) | 2559 (74.2%) | 1093 (25.8%) | 2717 (79.3%) | 1034 (20.7%)* | 423 (83.8%) | 104 (16.2%)* |
| ≥ 45% | 235 (83.2%) | 86 (16.8%) | 109 (75.4%) | 42 (24.6%) | 191 (77.7%) | 78 (22.3%) | 26 (83.2%) | 5 (16.8%) |
| Aspartate amino transferase (AST) | 20.60 ± 0.22 | 22.07 ± 0.37 | 21.67 ± 0.39 | 25.88 ± 0.96 | 24.15 ± 0.52 | 28.66 ± 1.10 | 22.10 ± 0.68 | 25.40 ± 1.42 |
| Elevated (> 40 U/L) | 68 (63.2%) | 60 (36.8%) | 104 (52.0%) | 101 (48.0%) | 184 (70.7%) | 107 (29.3%) | 20 (71.3%) | 10 (28.7%) |
| Normal (≤ 40 U/L) | 3086 (75.3%) | 1648 (24.7%) | 2516 (75.4%) | 1012 (24.6%) | 2700 (80.0%) | 986 (20.0%)* | 423 (84.3%) | 99 (15.7%)* |
| Alanine amino transferase (ALT) | 17.72 ± 0.49 | 17.23 ± 0.59 | 16.45 ± 0.36 | 17.51 ± 0.77 | 23.94 ± 0.66 | 25.38 ± 0.94 | 20.86 ± 1.13 | 19.85 ± 1.66 |
| Elevated (> 56 U/L) | 42 (69.2%) | 24 (30.8%) | 50 (63.8%) | 29 (36.2%) | 154 (72.4%) | 66 (27.6%) | 14 (87.9%) | 5 (12.1%) |
| Normal (≤ 56 U/L) | 3112 (75.1%) | 1684 (24.9%) | 2570 (74.4%) | 1084 (25.6%) | 2730(79.7%) | 1027 (20.3%)* | 429 (83.4%) | 104 (16.6%)* |
| Hepatitis B virus | ||||||||
| Yes | 98 (63.3%) | 88 (36.7%) | 306 (62.5%) | 236 (37.5%) | 122 (69.3%) | 87 (30.7%) | 92 (75.4%) | 32 (24.6%) |
| No | 3069 (75.3%) | 1634 (24.7%) | 2337 (76.2%) | 887 (23.8%) | 2769 (79.9%) | 1007 (20.1%)* | 352 (85.5%) | 77 (14.5%)* |
| Hepatitis C virus | ||||||||
| Yes | 49 (72.6%) | 28 (27.4%) | 80 (53.3%) | 68 (46.7%)* | 59 (59.8%) | 46 (40.2%) | 12 (60.6%) | 9 (39.4%) |
| No | 3119 (74.9%) | 1695 (25.1%) | 2558 (75.1%) | 1052 (24.9%) | 2827 (79.9%) | 1047 (20.1%)* | 432 (84.3%) | 100 (15.7%)* |
| Hepatitis B&C virus | ||||||||
| Yes | 132 (65.6%) | 108 (34.4%) | 354 (62.2%) | 264 (37.8%) | 161 (65.5%) | 121 (34.5%) | 95 (74.1%) | 36 (25.9%) |
| No | 3036 (75.4%) | 1615 (24.6%) | 2289 (76.6%) | 759 (23.4%) | 2731 (80.4%) | 973 (19.6%)* | 349 (86.0%) | 73 (14.0%)* |
*p < 0.05 comparing with Whit