Table 2.
Association between NPS group and cognitive impairmenta.
| NPS group | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| CERAD | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 | 1.47 (0.98–2.22) | 0.061 | 1.26 (0.84–1.89) | 0.251 | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 0.277 |
| 3–4 | 2.28 (1.34–3.86) | 0.003 | 1.44 (0.81–2.56) | 0.208 | 1.43 (0.76–2.69) | 0.230 |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.230 | 0.247 | |||
| CFDAST | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 0.731 | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 0.536 | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 0.597 |
| 3–4 | 2.41 (1.46–3.96) | 0.001 | 2.19 (1.32–3.64) | 0.004 | 2.03 (1.18–3.51) | 0.016 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 | |||
| CFDDS | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 | 0.97 (0.62–1.53) | 0.896 | 0.94 (0.55–1.60) | 0.820 | 0.86 (0.45–1.65) | 0.617 |
| 3–4 | 2.31 (1.35–3.95) | 0.003 | 1.93 (1.10–3.38) | 0.024 | 1.74 (0.94–3.24) | 0.069 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.025 | |||
a
Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring in the lowest quartile of each cognitive test. Crude model: no covariates adjusted. Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, and race. Model 2: additionally adjusted for education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, BMI category, hypertension, diabetes, and energy intake. Bold values indicate statistically significant associations (P < 0.05). NPS, Naples Prognostic Score; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CERAD, total score from consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease test; CFDAST, animal fluency test score; CFDDS, digit symbol substitution test score.