ABSTRACT
Cranberry and cranberry extracts are available for treatment or prevention of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats, but guidance regarding their use is lacking. The objectives were to identify and assess literature pertaining to the efficacy of cranberry and cranberry extract supplementation for prevention and treatment of bacterial cystitis and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs and cats. A systematic review was performed, and three studies involving a total of 122 animals (106 dogs and 16 cats) were identified. No studies reported statistically significant or numerical impacts of treatment. Two studies were deemed at high risk of bias, and one was deemed at low risk. Certainty of evidence was low to very low. The small number of studies, small sample sizes, data from those studies, and low certainty of evidence preclude confident assessment of the role of cranberry for the prevention or treatment of infectious urinary tract disease in dogs and cats.
Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship, cystitis, evidence synthesis, urinary tract disease
1. Introduction
Infectious urinary tract disease is an important problem in dogs and cats, and a leading cause of antimicrobial use (De Briyne et al. 2014; Lehner et al. 2020). Recurrent infectious lower urinary tract disease can be problematic to manage, and evidence‐based guidance is limited.
Cranberry and cranberry extract supplementation has been evaluated in humans for both treatment and prevention of bacterial cystitis. While the active ingredient and mechanism are not well understood, it is thought that A‐type proanthocyanidins in cranberries prevent adherence of E. coli to uroepithelial cells (Ermel et al. 2012). A recent Cochrane review supported the use of cranberry supplementation to reduce urinary tract infections in women with recurrent infections, in children and in other individuals at risk of infection following intervention, but not in elderly individuals, patients with bladder emptying disorders or pregnant women (Williams et al. 2023). Recent guidelines for management of urinary tract infections in humans provided a clear recommendation for the role of cranberry juice or cranberry supplement for prevention of urinary tract infection (Nelson et al. 2024).
Commercial cranberry and cranberry extract supplements are available for dogs and cats, but as they are marketed as nutraceuticals, not pharmaceutical products, efficacy and safety data are not required. Anecdotally, cranberry products are often used in dogs and cats with recurrent cystitis or bacteriuria. The 2019 International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) urinary treatment guidelines indicated that there was no evidence that cranberry supplementation was effective for treatment of cystitis in dogs and cats, and that “there is insufficient evidence to recommend the administration of cranberry extract products and other alternative therapies” for prevention of cystitis (Weese et al. 2019). However, a structured evidence synthesis (e.g., systematic review) was not performed. As these guidelines are being revised, there was a need to formally assess the literature to evaluate data pertaining to the use of cranberry and cranberry extracts for prevention or treatment of cystitis and bacteriuria in dogs and cats.
The objectives of this systematic review were to identify and assess literature pertaining to the efficacy of cranberry and cranberry extract supplementation for the prevention and treatment of bacterial cystitis and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs and cats.
2. Methods
A systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis guidelines (Moher et al. 2015). The full protocol is published at the University of Guelph's Atrium Institutional Repository (https://hdl.handle.net/10214/28884). The protocol was followed as written, with the exception of a slight wording change to PICO 3, changing “clinical resolution” to “resolution,” for clarity of the outcome of studies of subclinical bacteriuria.
This systematic review aimed to provide evidence to the following PICO (population, intervention, comparator, outcome) questions:
Does cranberry or cranberry component administration reduce the incidence of bacteriuria in dogs and cats?
Does cranberry or cranberry component administration reduce the incidence of bacterial cystitis in dogs and cats?
Does cranberry or cranberry component administration improve resolution of bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats?
Does cranberry or cranberry component administration reduce the recurrence of bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats?
2.1. Types of Studies
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials, observational studies (prospective or retrospective cohort trials, case–control study, and longitudinal (one‐arm) observational study (time‐series and before‐after study) with more than 10 dogs or cats) and conference research abstracts were eligible. Review articles from peer reviewed journals were included for reference list searching but were excluded from data extraction. Reviews from conference proceedings were excluded. Studies of experimentally induced disease were excluded.
2.2. Types of Participants
Studies including dogs and cats were included, without restriction based on age, comorbidities, or other factors.
2.3. Primary Outcomes
Resolution of cystitis (clinical cure), prevention of recurrence of cystitis, prevention of bacteriuria and resolution of bacteriuria (microbiological cure) were primary outcomes. Definitions of these were at the discretion of the identified studies.
2.4. Search Methods
Medline (via OVID), CAB Abstracts, and Web of Science were searched using the search strategies presented in Appendix A. There were no language or time limits. Controlled trials and observational studies were included, as indicated below. Search results were initially checked against two previously identified relevant publications to confirm search sensitivity. Reference lists of included manuscripts were also searched for any additional relevant citations.
2.5. Selection of Studies
Results were then imported into Covidence for Level 1 (Title and Abstract) and Level 2 (Full Text) screening by two reviewers. In the event of conflicts, reviewers discussed the citation to come to consensus, being blinded to their original assessment. A calibration was performed after approximately 10% of the title/abstract search had been performed by the two reviewers. If less than 90% agreement is achieved, the inclusion and exclusion criteria would have been evaluated by the reviewers.
Level 1: Title and abstract screening was performed using the following criteria:
Does it describe the in vivo use of cranberry or cranberry components for prevention or treatment of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats?
Is it a randomized or quasi‐randomized trial, prospective or retrospective cohort trial, case–control study, or longitudinal (one‐arm) observational study (time‐series and before‐after study) with more than 10 dogs or cats, conference research abstract, or review in a peer‐reviewed journal?
Full texts were retrieved for manuscripts fulfilling Level 1 screening criteria and Level 2 (full text) screening was then performed, using the following criteria:
Does the report include the use of cranberry or cranberry components for treatment or prevention of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats?
Is it a randomized or quasi‐randomized trial, prospective or retrospective cohort trial, case–control study, or longitudinal (one‐arm) observational study (time‐series and before‐after study) with more than 10 dogs or cats, conference research abstract or review in a peer‐reviewed journal?
Does the study report one or more clinical outcomes related to bacterial cystitis or subclinical bacteriuria (incidence of cystitis, incidence of bacteriuria, incidence of subclinical bacteriuria, resolution of disease (clinical cure), microbiological cure), recurrence rate?
Is the full text available?
2.6. Data Extraction and Management
Both reviewers extracted the following data from eligible studies (i) general study information (author's name, publication year, study design, country of origin, and funding source), (ii) population‐related information (species, age, disease type, comorbidities or subpopulation, case definitions), (iii) details on the intervention and comparison (e.g., intervention product(s) used, dosing regimen), and (iv) outcomes of interest (clinical response, bacteriuria, prevention of disease).
2.7. Assessment of Risk of Bias of Included Studies
Risk bias in the individual trials was assessed by both reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool (Higgins et al. 2011; Sterne et al. 2019). Studies were assessed for bias arising from the randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, measurement of the outcome, and biased selection of the reported results. Each of these domains was assessed independently and the overall risk of bias was classified as high (high risk of bias in at least one domain or some concerns for multiple domains), some concerns (some concerns in at least one domain, but not at high risk of bias for any domain), or low risk of bias (low risk of bias from all domains) (Higgins et al. 2011). Results were visualized using the Robvis tool (https://www.riskofbias.info/welcome/robvis‐visualization‐tool) and RevMan (Review Manager (RevMan Web), The Cochrane Collaboration, Available at revman.cochrane.org).
2.8. Measurement of Treatment Effect
Data were described. Risk ratio and absolute risk reduction were calculated where appropriate. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach, via GRADEpro (https://www.gradepro.org).
3. Results
The literature search yielded 291 references from Web of Science, 268 from CAB Abstracts, and 178 from Medline. After deduplication and screening, three references were included in data extraction (Figure 1, Table 1).
FIGURE 1.
PRISMA flowchart of a systematic review of the impact of cranberry or cranberry extract supplementation on bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats.
TABLE 1.
Characteristics of studies identified in a systematic review of the efficacy of cranberry or cranberry extracts for the prevention or treatment of bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats.
| Study | Species | Population | Intervention (n) | Comparator (n) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olby et al. 2017 | Canine | Acute IVDD after surgical decompression | Cranberry extract for 42 days (n = 42) | Placebo (n = 52) | Bacteriuria |
| Chou et al. 2016 | Canine | History of recurrent urinary tract infection | Cranberry extract for 6 months (n = 6) | Cephalexin for 14 days (n = 6) | Recurrence of cystitis |
| Shulzhenko et al. 2019 | Feline | Cats with cystitis | Cranberry and orange peel extracts for 15–30 days, plus enrofloxacin for 5 days (n = 8) |
Enrofloxacin for 5 days (n = 8) |
Cystitis |
The three included studies involved a total of 122 animals; 106 dogs and 16 cats. These consisted of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT) that assessed the impact of a commercial cranberry extract supplement, compared with placebo, on bacteriuria in dogs with acute non‐ambulatory paresis or paraplegia after surgical decompression for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease, (Olby et al. 2017), an RCT evaluating the impact of a commercial cranberry extract supplement, compared with cephalexin, on recurrent urinary tract infections in dogs, (Chou et al. 2016), and one prospective study with unclear randomization, inclusion criteria and outcome measures of the impact of a cranberry and orange supplement, with enrofloxacin, compared to enrofloxacin alone in cats with cystitis (Shulzhenko et al. 2019). Study characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Two studies evaluated two different commercially available cranberry extract supplements. The supplement was provided at no cost for one study. For the second, there was financial support by a company, but there was no description of whether there was a relationship between that company and the supplement manufacturer. The other study evaluated a commercial cranberry and orange peel extract supplement. No funding or conflict of interest disclosure was provided.
All studies had small sample sizes. Two did not report sample size calculations (Chou et al. 2016; Shulzhenko et al. 2019) while one had an a priori target but was stopped early after initial analysis because of futility and a lower than anticipated bacteriuria rate in the control group (Olby et al. 2017).
Reported study outcomes are presented in Table 2. A risk of bias summary is presented in Figure 2.
TABLE 2.
Outcomes reported in studies identified in a systematic review of the efficacy of cranberry or cranberry extracts for the prevention or treatment of bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats.
| Study | Outcome | Risk ratio (95% CI) | Absolute effect (95% CI) | Certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olby et al. 2017 | Bacteriuria (PICO 1) | 2.4 (0.97–5.9) | 127 more per 1000 (21 fewer to 485 more) | Low |
| Shulzhenko et al. 2019 | Cystitis (PICO 3) | Not estimable | Not estimable | Very low |
| Chou et al. 2016 | Recurrent cystitis (PICO 4) | Not estimable | Not estimable | Very low |
FIGURE 2.
Risk of bias summary graph, based on the ROB2 tool (Sterne et al. 2019).
3.1. PICO 1: Does Cranberry or Cranberry Component Administration Reduce the Incidence of Bacteriuria in Dogs and Cats?
One study evaluated this PICO question (Olby et al. 2017). It was a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a cranberry supplement on bacteriuria in dogs with spinal cord disease. No effect was identified and the study was stopped early because of a lower than expected bacteriuria rate and futility based on preliminary data analysis that showed a numerically higher incidence of bacteriuria in the treatment group (10/42, 24%) compared to the control group (6/52, 12%) (Figure 3). The study was deemed at low risk of bias but was judged to be of low certainty because of very serious imprecision.
FIGURE 3.
Forest plot of the effect of cranberry supplementation in dogs and cats for PICO questions 1, 3, and 4.
3.2. PICO 2: Does Cranberry or Cranberry Component Administration Reduce the Incidence of Bacterial Cystitis in Dogs and Cats?
The only study that addressed this PICO question was a study evaluating prevention of recurrent cystitis (Chou et al. 2016) and is discussed below under PICO 4. No studies that evaluated the effectiveness of cranberry supplementation on the incidence of sporadic cystitis were identified.
3.3. PICO 3: Does Cranberry or Cranberry Component Administration Improve Resolution of Bacterial Cystitis or Bacteriuria in Dogs and Cats?
One study investigated the impact of a cranberry and orange supplement plus enrofloxacin compared to enrofloxacin alone on cats with cystitis (Shulzhenko et al. 2019). The sample size was small (n = 8 per group) and no conclusions could be drawn because all cats in both treatment and control groups responded to treatment (Figure 3). This study was deemed at high risk of bias because of concerns with randomization, outcome measurement, and selective reporting of results. Evidence was considered very low certainty because of the high risk of bias and imprecision.
3.4. PICO 4: Does Cranberry or Cranberry Component Administration Reduce the Recurrence of Bacterial Cystitis or Bacteriuria in Dogs and Cats?
One study evaluated the effect of a cranberry supplement on recurrent cystitis in dogs with a history of recurrent infections, comparing 6 months of cranberry supplementation to 14 days of cephalexin (Chou et al. 2016). The sample size was small (n = 6 per group), and no dogs in either treatment or control groups developed cystitis during the 6 month study period (Figure 3). The study was deemed at high risk of bias because of concerns about randomization and outcome measurement, and was judged to be very low certainty evidence because of risk of bias and imprecision.
3.5. Safety
No studies specifically addressed safety or reported structured collection of adverse event data.
4. Discussion
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of cranberry supplementation for prevention or treatment of bacterial cystitis or bacteriuria in dogs and cats; however, limited data were identified. Available studies were small, heterogenous, studied different populations and outcomes, and provided no evidence of an apparent effect. High risk of bias was present in most studies, and data were assessed to be of low to very low certainty.
The potential for identification of a treatment effect was very limited for two studies because of sample sizes of 6 or 8 per group, the nature of the control group (antimicrobials) and the chosen treatment outcomes. The two studies that had antimicrobial‐treated control groups would likely have been best approached as non‐inferiority studies, but more robust design and sample sizes would be needed. The largest and most comprehensively designed study was stopped early because of apparent futility and a lower than expected bacteriuria rate. In that study of dogs with acute intervertebral disk disease that had undergone surgical decompression, 10/42 (24%) of dogs that received a cranberry extract supplement developed bacteriuria during the 6‐week monitoring period compared to 6/52 (12%) controls. Study of cranberry supplementation in humans has also been limited and yielded unclear evidence of efficacy. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the efficacy of cranberry supplementation in adults with spinal cord injury did not identify a significant effect (Raguzzini et al. 2020). Similarly, a Cochrane review of cranberry supplementation of people with bladder dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury only identified a small number of studies that were generally of poor quality and with high risk of bias, and uncertain effect of cranberry supplementation (Toh et al. 2017). The inadequate data and uncertain effect found in the dogs and cats is consistent with the state of evidence in humans.
Meta‐analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity in study outcomes but none of the studies provided any indication of a beneficial effect. The largest study identified a non‐significant effect favouring the placebo, resulting in early cessation of the study. Therefore, while it cannot be concluded that cranberry supplementation is not helpful, there are no data indicating efficacy and no non‐significant trends that might suggest efficacy with larger studies were noted. As a result, this systematic review does not provide support for the efficacy of cranberry supplementation, with the proviso that the amount and quality of evidence also do not support that cranberry supplementation may not be effective. Given in vitro data, human data, and the lack of robust in vivo data in dogs and cats, the main conclusion is that current evidence is inadequate to properly assess the efficacy of cranberry supplementation, and that further, larger, robustly designed randomized controlled trials are needed.
This review did not evaluate in vitro studies that provide information about possible mechanisms or action of in vitro properties that could suggest the potential for in vivo efficacy. Cranberry or cranberry extracts have been shown to reduce adherence of E. coli to canine and feline uroepithelial cells (Carvajal‐Campos et al. 2023, 2024; Chou et al. 2016; Ermel et al. 2012). However, the limited amount and strength of associated clinical studies makes it difficult to determine the clinical relevance of these studies. In vitro studies can provide an understanding of potential mechanisms and provide the basis for in vivo study, but cannot indicate clinical efficacy.
Only one study was a placebo‐controlled trial. One was a comparison of prolonged administration of cranberry supplement to a shorter course of cephalexin, while the other compared a combination of cranberry and orange extract plus enrofloxacin to enrofloxacin alone. As a result, in addition to different study populations and different outcomes, the types of comparisons that could be performed were variable and potentially limiting.
One study was particularly weak, with limited information about the study population. It is possible that cats with non‐infectious lower urinary tract disease could have been included. However, a bias in that case would be towards reduced reported efficacy of treatment (assuming there is no effect in cats with non‐infectious disease), and all cats in both the treatment and control groups responded to treatment. The lack of disease events meant that this study was not included in the overall effect estimate. It was included in this review because it fit the protocol criteria, but little can be drawn from the data.
Publication bias could not be assessed because the small number of studies precludes use of statistical tests or inference of potential bias through funnel plots. However, the expected direction of publication bias would be an over‐estimation of the effect of treatment (if studies that did not identify a significant result were less likely to be published).
5. Conclusions
Limited data are available regarding the use of cranberry or cranberry extracts for the prevention or treatment of infectious urinary tract disease in dogs and cats. This represents an important knowledge gap for clinical management of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats. While indirect evidence from humans and in vitro data from dogs and cats suggests the potential for efficacy, the small number of studies, small sample sizes within those studies, and low certainty of evidence preclude confident assessment of the role of cranberry for the prevention or treatment of infectious urinary tract disease in dogs and cats.
Author Contributions
Study conceptualization and design: J.S.W. Data collection and analysis: J.S.W. and H.E.W. Writing: J.S.W. Review: J.S.E. and H.E.W.
Funding
The authors have nothing to report.
Ethics Statement
Ethical approval was not required for this study as it did not involve direct study of live animals.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Appendix A.
OVID Medline. < 1946 to Present> Search date: Mar 15, 2025.
| 1 | Dogs/ |
| 2 | Cats/ |
| 3 | dogs OR dogs OR cat OR cats OR canine OR feline, ti, ab, kf |
| 4 | 1 OR 2 OR 3 |
| 5 | Vaccinium macrocarpon / |
| 6 | Cranberry OR cranberries OR vaccinium OR proanthocyanidins OR proanthocyanidin, ti ab, kf |
| 7 | 5 OR 6 |
| 8 | 4 AND 7 |
Web of Science, Mar 17, 2025
| Search | Query |
|---|---|
| 1 | Cranberry OR cranberries OR Vaccinium OR proanthocyanidins OR proanthocyanidin; topic |
| 2 | Dog OR canine OR dogs OR cats OR cat OR feline; topic |
CAB Abstracts, Mar 17, 2025
| Search | Query |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Cranberry OR cranberries OR Vaccinium OR proanthocyanidins OR proanthocyanidin; all fields AND |
| 2 | Dog OR canine OR dogs OR cats OR cat OR feline; all fields |
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.