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. 2026 Mar 14;32(10):115821. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.115821

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Traditional Chinese medicine modulates inflammatory signalling pathways. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; IκBα: Inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B alpha; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NLRP3: Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; p38 MAPK: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase; AP-1: Activator protein-1; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β.