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. 2026 Feb 23;14:1764867. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1764867

FIGURE 2.

Panel A shows two scanning electron microscope images comparing the porous structures of GelMA and GelMA/HA-NB/LAP hydrogels. Panel B displays two macro images of circular hydrogel samples labeled “XJ” with visible differences in coloration. Panel C presents an FTIR spectroscopy graph with three transmittance curves for GelMA, HA-NB, and GelMA/HA-NB/LAP, highlighting key wavenumber peaks. Panel D is a line graph comparing the swelling rate over time in hours between GelMA and GelMA/HA-NB/LAP. Panel E shows water retention against time for both hydrogels, with GelMA/HA-NB/LAP retaining more water. Panel F displays a line graph of enzymatic retention over time, indicating higher retention in GelMA/HA-NB/LAP.

In vitro characterization and property determination of hydrogels. (A) Comparison of SEM images of hydrogels; (B) Observation of the overall macroscopic transparency of the hydrogel after UV irradiation; (C) FTIR image analysis; (D) Swelling rate of hydrogel in PBS at 37 °C; (E) Study of water retention properties of hydrogels at different time points under 37 °C; (F) Enzymatic reaction of hydrogel in collagenase solution (5 mg/mL) at 37 ℃. Scale bar: 100 μm.