FIGURE 4.

Rankograms illustrating comparative efficacy and safety of therapeutic strategies across various clinical outcomes based on Bayesian network meta-analysis. (A) Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (blue upper triangle region) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (yellow lower triangle region). An SMD < 0.00 for BNP indicates superior treatment efficacy, whereas an SMD > 0.00 for LVEF indicates improved cardiac function. (B) SMD and 95% CI for Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) quality-of-life scores. An SMD < 0.00 indicates a more favorable improvement in quality of life. (C) Odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI for heart failure-related hospitalization rates (blue upper triangle region) and all-cause mortality rates (yellow lower triangle region). An OR < 1.00 indicates reduced risk for both hospitalization and mortality, representing better clinical outcomes. (D) OR and 95% CI for adverse events (blue upper triangle region) and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rates (yellow lower triangle region). An OR < 1.00 indicates lower risk of adverse events or AF recurrence, representing improved safety and efficacy profiles. OR, Odds ratio; SMD, Standardized mean difference; CI, Confidence interval; SUCRA, Surface under the cumulative ranking curve, a probability-based ranking (0–100%) for efficacy. Interpretation: OR < 1.00 indicates reduced risk; SMD > 0 favors treatment benefit. SUCRA (Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve) represents the probability (%) that a given intervention is the most effective among all compared strategies.