Table 2.
The effects of various pesticides on the physiology and metabolism of plants.
| Crop plant | Pesticide name and treatment details in brief | Effects on plants | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L. (Grapevine) | Acetochlor, Soil, 22,460 g a.i. ha−1, 30 days | Increase in superoxide radicals (O2·-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; Decrease in ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in leaves (upper node) | Tan et al. (2012) |
| Brassica napus L. (Rapeseed) | Napropamide, Seedling, 8 mg L−1, 5 days | Increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in leaves | Cui et al. (2010) |
| Pennisetum americanum L. | Atrazine, Soil, 10 mg kg−1, 38 days | Increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in shoot and root | Jiang et al. (2016) |
| Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) | Alachlor, Hoagland medium, 2 μM, 24 days | Increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); Decrease in peroxidase (POD) in leaves | Štajner et al. (2003) |
| Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) | Imidacloprid and Fenvalerate, 10 mg/L | Under Imidacloprid treatment: decreased iron, arginine, cysteine, homoserine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, proline, and total amino acids. Under Fenvalerate treatment: increased iron content, reduced flavonoid and vitamin C levels. | Zhang et al. (2022b) |
| Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard/Chinese mustard) | Imidacloprid, Soil, 300 mg kg−1, 80 days | Increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and peroxidase (POD) in green pods | Sharma et al. (2016) |
| Oryza sativa L. (Rice) | Imidacloprid, Sand, 0.01%, 12 days | Increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); Decrease in catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in seedlings. | Sharma et al. (2013) |
| Oryza sativa L. (Rice) | Diuron, 0.125 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L | Decreased elongation, biomass, and chlorophyll; Increased malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and jasmonic acid (JA); Glutathione (GSH) increased then decreased | Wang et al. (2022) |
| Vigna radiata L. (Mungbean) | Chlorpyrifos | Enhanced rate of proline content and lipid peroxidation; significantly declined glutathione level | Parween et al. (2018) |
| Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) | Imidacloprid, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg | Decreased jasmonic acid in root and leaf, decreased indole acetic acid in root and leaf, increased abscisic acid in root and leaf, decreased ferulic acid | Li et al. (2023) |
| Zea mays L. (Maize) | Metolachlor, 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L, 4.0 mg/L, 8.0 mg/L | Increased malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT); Decreased germination, biomass production, and vigor index; Decreased ethyl carbamate50; MDA increased by 26.0 and 48.9% at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively | Panfili et al. (2019) |
| Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium repens L., Cichorium intybus L. | Glyphosate, 1,440 g a.i./ha | Decreased cumulative number of Trifolium pratense L. flowers and Lotus corniculatus L. flowers; Increased cumulative number of Trifolium repens L. flowers | Strandberg et al. (2021) |
| Glycine max L. Merr. (Soybean) | Deltamethrin, Spray, 0.20%, 10 days | Increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); Decrease in catalase (CAT) in leaves | Bashir et al. (2007) |
| Elodea canadensis Michx. (Canadian waterweed), Eleocharis acicularis L. (Needle spikerush), Mentha aquatica L. (Water mint) | Chlorpyrifos, 50 μg/dm3, 100 μg/dm3, 150 μg/dm3 | Increased glutathione peroxidase activity; decreased glutathione S-transferase, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene contents | Sobiecka et al. (2022a, 2022b) |
| Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) | Dichlorprop, 0.1 μM, 0.2 μM, 0.3 μM | Reduced plant growth; increased H₂O₂, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid levels; abscisic acid decreased initially and then increased at higher concentrations | Chen et al. (2021) |
a.i./ha, active ingredient per hectare.