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. 2026 Mar 9. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1039/d5sc10141g

Table 2. The summarization of electrochemical performance of NVPF-based cathodes by the nanostructure tuning strategy.

Material Preparation method Electrolyte Electrochemical performances (discharge capacity, current density, cycles, and capacity retention) Ref.
NVPF-Ti-0.05 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 129.1 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 6000, 81.14% 70
C-NVPF@NC Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC/EMC (1 : 1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 121 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 1000, 78% 75
Fe0.1-NVPF@N-CNTs Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in DEC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 105 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 1200, 83.38% 77
Na3V2−xCux (PO4)2F3@NC Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 117.4 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 5000, 91.3% 80
NVPF/C-0.03Bi Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 2 vol% FEC 110 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 500, 80% 122
NVAPF-2 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC 106.4 mAh g−1, 10 C, 500, 92.4% 123
NVPF-NS Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5 vol% FEC 68 mAh g−1, 20 C, 1000, 80.7% 124
K0.10-NVPF Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 120.8 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 500, 97.5% 125
Na3V1·95Zr0·05(PO4)2F3/C Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC/EMC (1 : 1 : 1) with 2 wt% FEC 121.8 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 1000, 83.6% 126
HE-NVPF Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5 vol% FEC 118.5 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 2000, 80.4% 127
NV0.97Fe0.03PF/C Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) 126.7 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 300, 87.8% 129
NVMPF Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 124.5 mAh g−1, 0.5 C, 12 000, 70.5% 130
NVPF-Ru Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 125.1 mAh g−1, 0.5 C, 2000, 93.6% 89
N0.92K0.08VPF/C Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 128.8 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 5000, 60.2% 131
Na2.9Li0.1V2(PO4)2F3/CNTs-Al(C) Element doping 1 M NaPF6 in DGDME 75.27 mAh g−1, 50 C, 30 000, 64.1% 132
NVPOF-80 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 68.6 mAh g−1, 100 C, 1300, 98.3% 133
PA-NVPOF Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 1 wt% FEC 129.5 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 500, 54.4% 134
NVOPF-PE Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 2 vol% FEC 129 mAh g−1, 10 C, 6000, 94.5% 135
NVPOF-Mg0.10 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 116 mAh g−1, 10 C, 500, 96.3% 136
Na3V1.84Fe0.16(PO4)2F3 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 57.32 mAh g−1, 10 C, 1000 137
NVPOFSi0.05 Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5 vol% FEC 75.5 mAh g−1, 30 C, 1000, 100% 138
NVPF@3% CNT Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 105 mAh g−1, 0.5 C, 200, 94% 139
MX-5 Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in PC 92 mAh g−1, 1 C, 350, 27% 140
NVPF@CNT-1 Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC/DMC (1 : 1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 113.7 mAh g−1, 1 C, 5000, 77.3% 141
NVPF/NCM811 Nanostructure 0.5 M NaPF6 in PC with 2 vol% FEC 147 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 200 142
NVP/C@PTFE-4 wt% Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1 : 1) with 5% FEC 139.8 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 1500, 81.3% 90
PB/NV@APT Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC/EMC (1 : 1 : 1) with 2 vol% FEC 124.9 mAh g−1, 100 mA g−1, 500, 78% 143
NFC-2 Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in PC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 wt% FEC 114.8 mAh g−1, 20 mA g−1, 10 000, 75.7% 144
NVPF-(002) Nanostructure 1 M NaClO4 in PC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 124 mAh g−1, 2 C, 1400, 89% 145
NVPF@3Dc Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 2 wt% FEC 131.5 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 2500, 63.7% 64
NVFNPF4 Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 2 wt% FEC 115.58 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 500, 87.79% 146
NVPF-Ca-0.05/C Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 124 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 1000, 70% 147
NV1.98Cr0.02PF/C Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 91.2 mAh g−1, 30 C, 200, 93.62% 148
NVPF@R3 Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 115.8 mAh g−1, 20 C, 1000, 77.29% 149
Na3V2−xCrx(PO4)2F3/C Element doping 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5 wt% FEC 101.9 mAh g−1, 10 C, 1000, 68.7% 150
Na3V1.95Mn0.05(PO4)2F3@C Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 122.9 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 500, 88.69% 151
NVPFOy/C Dual-modification 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 2 wt% FEC — 152
NVSPF/C-0.04 Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5 vol% FEC 125 mAh g−1, 0.2 C, 1000, 90% 153
NVPF-Mg0.5 Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC (1 : 1) with 5% FEC 126.8 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 1000, 70% 154
NKVMPF Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DMC/DMC (1 : 1 : 1) 124.3 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 1000, 93.1% 155
NVZ0.03PF@C Element doping 1 M NaPF6 in DGDME 124 mAh g−1, 0.5 C, 2000, 90% 128
NVPF-Br Element doping 1 M NaPF6 in PC with 2% FEC 169 mAh g−1, 64 mA g−1, 150, 79.29% 156
ME-NV1.2PF@CNTs Dual-modification 1 M NaClO4 in DEC/EC (1 : 1) with 5 vol% FEC 120 mAh g−1, 0.1 C, 3000, 60% 157