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. 2026 Mar 9;11(10):CASE25864. doi: 10.3171/CASE25864

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

A: Postoperative 3D-CT angiogram showing that AVS clipping was performed, preserving the ASA up to the conus tip. B: Schematic of the surgical approach to the ventral thoracic AVF. DL = dentate ligament; Endo = endoscope; Exo = Exoscope; F = facet; Micro = microscope; P = pedicle; R = rib.