Table 2.
Basic characteristics of included studies.
| First author, publication year | Country | Study design | Populations | Criteria for END | Data source | Main endpoint | END cases/sample size | Number of models |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jiang Zhuangzhuang, 2024 (21) | China | Retrospective | BAD-related AIS patients with LSA territory infarction | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 within 7 days of admission | Single center | END | 80/380 (21.6%) | 9 |
| Wang Jia, 2024 (22) | China | Retrospective | API patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 or the motor ability of NIHSS increases by ≥1 within 7 days of admission | Multi-center | END | 108/544 (19.9%) | 3 |
| Luo Bang, 2024 (15) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥4 or the NIHSS individual score increases by ≥2 within 24 h after IVT treatment | Single center | END | 33/217 (15.2%) | 1 |
| Zhou Yang, 2024 (16) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 within 7 days of admission | Multi-center | END | 140/1993 (7.0%) | 1 |
| Wen Rui, 2024 (17) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 within 24 h after IVT treatment | Multi-center | END | 1766/9141 (19.3%) | 5 |
| Li Ning, 2024 (20) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥2 within 24–36 h after IVT treatment | Multi-center | END | −/531 | 1 |
| Zhu Bifeng, 2024 (18) | China | Prospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2, the motor power score increases by ≥1, or the clinical symptoms fluctuation, within 48 h after IVT treatment | Single center | END | 66/211 (31.3%) | 1 |
| Qiu Kai, 2024 (19) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 within 24 h | Multi-center | END | 44/248 (17.7%) | 1 |
| Tian Tian, 2023 (23) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 within 24 h after IVT treatment | Single center | END | 88/426 (20.7%) | 1 |
| Jin Huijuan, 2023 (24) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases >4 or death within 24 h of stroke onset. | Multi-center | END | 101/1213 (8.3%) | 1 |
| Wu Kongyuan, 2023 (25) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with MT therapy | The NIHSS score increases ≥2 within 72 h of admission | Multi-center | END | 269/1007 (26.7%) | 1 |
| Yang Huan, 2023 (26) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases ≥2 within 72 h of admission | Single center | END | 99/704 (14.1%) | 2 |
| Jin Mengzhi, 2023 (27) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases ≥2 within 24 h after IVT treatment | Single center | END | 41/195 (21.0%) | 2 |
| Yang Tongtong, 2023 (28) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with MT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 from baseline to 24 h of the stroke event | Multi-center | END | 213/1218 (17.5%) | 4 |
| Wang Mei, 2023 (29) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4, or death within 24 h after IVT treatment | Single center | END | 90/321 (28.0%) | 1 |
| Wang Jia, 2022 (30) | China | Prospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 within 7 days of admission | Single center | END | 164/375 (43.7%) | 1 |
| Xie Xiaohua, 2021 (31) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 within 7 days of admission | Single center | END | 64/391 (16.4%) | 1 |
| Seners Pierre, 2021 (32) | France and Switzerland | Retrospective and Prospective | Minor stroke and LVO patients with IVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 within 24 h after IVT treatment | Multi-center | END | 126/1076 (11.7%) | 1 |
| Sung Sang Min, 2020 (33) | Korea | Retrospective | Acute minor ischemic stroke patients | Any worsening of neurological deficits within 3 days after admission. | Single center | END | 78/739 (10.6%) | 4 |
| Gong Pengyu, 2020 (34) | China | Retrospective and Prospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2 within 7 days of admission | Multi-center | END | 430/2707 (15.9%) | 1 |
| Xu Yicheng, 2020 (35) | China | Retrospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥2, the motor power score increases by ≥1, or the clinical symptoms fluctuation, compared with baseline from baseline during the first 7 days after admission | Single center | END | 90/354 (25.4%) | 1 |
| Girot Jean-Baptiste, 2020 (36) | France | Prospective | AIS patients with EVT therapy | The NIHSS score increases by ≥4 or death within 24 h of onset | Multi-center | END | 128/1925 (6.6%) | 1 |
| Miyamoto Nobukazu, 2017 (37) | Japan | Retrospective | AIS patients | The NIHSS total score increases by ≥4 within 7 days of admission | Multi-center | END | 112/934 (12.0%) | 1 |
“-”, not reported; AIS, acute ischemic stroke; API, acute pontine infarction; BAD, branch atheromatous disease; END, early neurological deterioration; EVT, endovascular treatment; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; LSA, lenticulostriate artery; LVO, large vessel occlusion; MT, mechanical thrombectomy; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.