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. 2026 Feb 8;18(2):e103223. doi: 10.7759/cureus.103223

Figure 2. Proposed mechanistic links between inflammatory dermatologic disease, cytokine signaling, vascular inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.

Figure 2

Inflammatory dermatoses, including psoriasis, HS, and AD, are associated with systemic activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways, including TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-4/13. Modulation of these cytokine pathways by biologic therapies may influence endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and downstream cardiovascular outcomes.

TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IL: interleukin, AD: atopic dermatitis, HS: hidradenitis suppurativa

Image Credit: Authors. Created using ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) for the conceptual design and visual generation. The figure was reviewed, edited, and validated by the authors.