Table 2. PICOS criteria.

Eligibility criteria for study inclusion and exclusion based on the PICOS framework.

PICOS: population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IL: interleukin, CRP: C-reactive protein, AD: atopic dermatitis, HS: hidradenitis suppurativa, HF: heart failure

Category	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Population	Adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with autoimmune dermatologic diseases, including psoriasis, HS, AD, pemphigus vulgaris, and bullous pemphigoid.	Studies focusing exclusively on non-dermatologic autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease).
Intervention	Biologic therapies used in dermatology practice include TNF-α inhibitors, IL-12/23 inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, and IL-4/13 inhibitors.	Non-biologic immunomodulators used alone without a biologic comparator.
Comparator	Conventional systemic treatments (e.g., methotrexate, cyclosporine), placebo, or no treatment.	—
Outcomes	Primary: Incidence of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death, HF). Secondary: Surrogate cardiovascular markers, including CRP, carotid intima-media thickness, and lipid profile.	Studies without extractable or clearly defined cardiovascular outcomes.
Study design	Randomised controlled trials, prospective or retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and systematic reviews/meta-analyses of these study designs.	Case reports, editorials, expert opinions, conference abstracts, and animal or in vitro studies.
Language	English.	Non-English publications.
Publication window	Studies published between January 2005 and December 2025.	Studies published outside the specified time window.