Table 3. Search strategy.

Databases searched, search strategy, and applied filters were in accordance with PRISMA 2020 recommendations. The same core Boolean structure was applied across all databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane via Ovid), with syntax adapted to each platform’s indexing system (MeSH, Emtree, and Cochrane/Ovid field tags).

MeSH: Medical Subject Headings, PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Database	Search strategy (Boolean terms and MeSH)	Limits and filters applied	Date of search
PubMed (MEDLINE)	(“Psoriasis”[Mesh] OR psoriasis[tiab] OR “hidradenitis suppurativa”[tiab] OR “atopic dermatitis”[tiab] OR eczema[tiab] OR pemphigus[tiab] OR “bullous pemphigoid”[tiab]) AND (“Biological Products”[Mesh] OR biologic*[tiab] OR “TNF inhibitor”[tiab] OR adalimumab[tiab] OR infliximab[tiab] OR etanercept[tiab] OR ustekinumab[tiab] OR secukinumab[tiab] OR dupilumab[tiab] OR “IL-17 inhibitor”[tiab] OR “IL-23 inhibitor”[tiab]) AND (“Cardiovascular Diseases”[Mesh] OR cardiovascular[tiab] OR “myocardial infarction”[tiab] OR stroke[tiab] OR “cardiovascular mortality”[tiab] OR atherosclerosis[tiab] OR “heart failure”[tiab] OR “carotid intima media thickness”[tiab] OR “endothelial function”[tiab] OR CRP[tiab] OR “coronary calcium”[tiab])	English language; human studies; publication years 2005–2025	24 July 2025
Embase (Ovid)	Same Boolean structure as PubMed, adapted to Emtree terms and field tags	English; human studies; publication years 2005–2025	8 August 2025
Cochrane Library (CENTRAL via Ovid)	Same Boolean structure as PubMed and Embase, applied using Ovid’s Cochrane Database syntax	English; trials only; 2005–2025	8 August 2025