Table 2.
Associations between maternal vitamin status and delivery and neonatal outcomes.
| Type | Outcome | Vitamin | Status | aOR (95% CI) | p value | Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery | Fetal distress | Vitamin A | Insufficiency | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.022 | 1785 |
| Fetal distress | Vitamin A | Deficiency | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.513 | 1785 | |
| Fetal distress | Vitamin D | Insufficiency | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.015 | 1785 | |
| Fetal Distress | Vitamin D | Deficiency | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.005 | 1785 | |
| Fetal distress | Vitamin E | Excess | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | 0.007 | 1785 | |
| Meconium staining | Vitamin A | Insufficiency | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 0.388 | 1,576 | |
| Meconium staining | Vitamin A | Deficiency | 1.14 (0.89–1.44) | 0.291 | 1,576 | |
| Meconium staining | Vitamin D | Insufficiency | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.016 | 1,576 | |
| Meconium staining | Vitamin D | Deficiency | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.041 | 1,576 | |
| Meconium Staining | Vitamin E | Excess | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.465 | 1,576 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Vitamin A | Insufficiency | 1.43 (1.27–1.60) | <0.001 | 1926 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Vitamin A | Deficiency | 1.76 (1.44–2.14) | <0.001 | 1926 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Vitamin D | Insufficiency | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 0.47 | 1926 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Vitamin D | Deficiency | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.271 | 1926 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Vitamin E | Excess | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.793 | 1926 | |
| Neonatal | Low birth weight | Vitamin A | Insufficiency | 0.47 (0.31–0.69) | <0.001 | 202 |
| Low birth weight | Vitamin A | Deficiency | 0.96 (0.55–1.57) | 0.872 | 202 | |
| Low birth weight | Vitamin D | Insufficiency | 0.88 (0.61–1.25) | 0.477 | 202 | |
| Low birth weight | Vitamin D | Deficiency | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | 0.415 | 202 | |
| Low birth weight | Vitamin E | Excess | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 0.712 | 202 | |
| Macrosomia | Vitamin A | Insufficiency | 1.91 (1.51–2.39) | <0.001 | 391 | |
| Macrosomia | Vitamin A | Deficiency | 3.14 (2.17–4.44) | <0.001 | 391 | |
| Macrosomia | Vitamin D | Insufficiency | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.717 | 391 | |
| Macrosomia | Vitamin D | Deficiency | 1.46 (1.15–1.87) | 0.002 | 391 | |
| Macrosomia | Vitamin E | Excess | 1.60 (1.30–1.97) | <0.001 | 391 |
Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals were derived from multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, season, district, and gestational age at blood collection. Shaded rows indicate neonatal outcomes.