Table 3.

Independent samples mann–whitney test statistics on perceived training method effectiveness.

Method	Mann–Whitney U Statistic	p-value	Effect Size: Rank-Biserial Correlation
Positive reinforcement	105.0	0.078	0.31
Classical conditioning	76.5	0.008**	0.50
Negative punishment	130.5	0.443	0.15
Negative reinforcement	120.5	0.264	0.21
Positive punishment	77.0	0.011*	0.50

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.