. 2026 Mar 10;41(1):49. doi: 10.1007/s10103-026-04820-9

Table 2.

Change in refractive astigmatism between groups using the linear mixed model

Parameter	FS-CRI group	TICL group	P^b value	Cohen’s d
Preop refractive astigmatism (D)	1.55 ± 0.38 (1.45–1.66)	1.67 ± 0.33 (1.58–1.76)	0.10	0.32
Postop residual refractive astigmatism (D)	0.38 ± 0.27 (0.31–0.46)	0.37 ± 0.24 (0.31–0.44)	0.82	0.04
Astigmatism correction magnitude (D)	1.17 ± 0.43 (1.06–1.28)	1.30 ± 0.38 (1.19–1.40)
P^a value	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cohen’s d_z	0.994	0.999

FS-CRI group = femtosecond laser-assisted corneal relaxing incisions with implantable collamer lens implantation; TICL group = toric implantable collamer lens implantation; Astigmatism correction magnitude = Preoperative refractive astigmatism - Postoperative residual refractive astigmatism.Cohen’s d is the standardized mean difference between two independent groups, calculated as mean difference divided by the pooled SD Inline graphic .Cohen’s d_z is the effect size for paired comparisons, calculated as the mean difference divided by the standard deviation of the difference scores ( d_z = M_diff / SD_diff).^aComparison between the preoperative and postoperative refractive astigmatism values.^bComparison between the FS-CRI group and the TICL group.