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. 2026 Feb 25;13:1716425. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2026.1716425

Table 2.

Intraoperative and postoperative conditions in patients with TLRH and NOSES.

Variable TLRH NOSES P
(n = 115) (n = 115)
Operative time, min 151 (123–180) 161 (129–193) 0.191
Estimated blood loss, mL 25 (18–33) 25 (15–35) 0.382
Length of resected ileum, cm 10 (6–14) 12 (9–15) 0.130
Length of resected colon, cm 22 (19–25) 22 (17–28) 0.535
Harvested lymph nodes, n (%) 34 (26–47) 32 (18–47) 0.527
Positive lymph nodes, n (%) 0 (0–1) 0 (0–1) 0.698
Usage of additional analgesics, n (%) 54 (47.0) 29 (25.2) <0 . 001
VAS score
POD 1 4 (2–6) 2 (1–4) <0 . 001
POD 2 2 (1–4) 2 (0–3) 0 . 021
POD 3 2 (1–3) 1 (0–2) <0 . 001
1st flatus, d 2 (2–3) 2 (2–3) 0.785
1st defecation, d 4 (4–5) 4 (4–5) 0.880
Postoperative hospital stay, d 6 (4–7) 6 (5–7) 0.754
Postoperative complication, n (%) 0.858
Grade 1 12 (10.4) 13 (11.3)
Grade 2 3 (2.6) 2 (2.6)
Grade 3 3 (3.6) 3 (3.6)
Grade 4 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9)
Anastomotic leak, n (%) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9) 1.000
Anastomotic bleeding, n (%) 2 (1.7) 3 (2.6) 0.651
Intestinal obstruction, n (%) 2 (1.7) 2 (1.7) 1.000
Abdominal infection, n (%) 1 (0.9) 2 (2.6) 0.561
Incision-related infections, n (%) 5 (4.3) 0 (0) 0 . 024
Admitted to ICU, n (%) 2 (1.7) 2 (1.7) 1.000
Reoperation, n (%) 1 (0.9) 0 (0) 0.316
Readmission, n (%) 1 (0.9) 0 (0) 0.316

Values are presented as median and interquartile range, or numbers (%).

VAS, visual analog scale; POD, postoperative day.

Bold values indicate P < 0.05.