Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of music intervention on HRV indices.
| HRV parameter | Subgroup | Number of studies | MD | 95% CI | I 2 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFnu | OD | 4 | 6.21 | −2.56, 14.99 | 80 | 0.17 |
| SAFSD | 3 | −0.45 | −1.78, 0.89 | 0 | 0.51 | |
| Short duration | 3 | 14.25 | 1.27, 27.22 | 82 | 0.03 | |
| Long duration | 4 | 3.58 | −3.07, 10.24 | 70 | 0.29 | |
| Stan | 3 | 12.79 | −1.92, 27.5 | 90 | 0.09 | |
| PS | 2 | 0.53 | −5.44, 6.51 | 0 | 0.86 | |
| LSF | 3 | 8.21 | −5.62, 22.03 | 80 | 0.24 | |
| LFnu | OD | 4 | −2.41 | −9.16, 4.34 | 72 | 0.48 |
| SAFSD | 3 | −2.8 | −3.82, −1.78 | 48 | <0.00001 | |
| Short duration | 4 | −5.62 | −12.55, 1.32 | 68 | 0.11 | |
| Long duration | 3 | −9.3 | −23.33, 4.74 | 86 | 0.19 | |
| Stan | 3 | −5.11 | −17.40, 7.17 | 84 | 0.41 | |
| PS | 2 | −4.77 | −14.64, 5.1 | 78 | 0.34 | |
| LSF | 3 | −10.22 | −23.16, 2.72 | 76 | 0.12 | |
| LF/HF | OD | 8 | −0.27 | −0.72, 0.18 | 81 | 0.24 |
| SAFSD | 7 | −0.5 | −0.82, −0.18 | 51 | 0.002 | |
| HC | 3 | −1.83 | −5.81, 2.14 | 84 | 0.37 | |
| PTI | 2 | 0.02 | −0.8, 0.85 | 94 | 0.96 | |
| Short duration | 9 | −0.31 | −0.75, 0.13 | 91 | 0.17 | |
| Medium duration | 4 | −0.17 | −0.75, 0.4 | 15 | 0.55 | |
| Long duration | 6 | −0.11 | −0.89, 0.68 | 80 | 0.79 | |
| Stan | 6 | −0.41 | −1.31, 0.48 | 85 | 0.37 | |
| PS | 6 | −0.55 | −0.78, −0.32 | 45 | <0.00001 | |
| LSF | 7 | −0.15 | −0.67, 0.38 | 91 | 0.58 | |
| RMSSD | OD | 4 | 0.4 | −5.1, 5.99 | 81 | 0.88 |
| SAFSD | 2 | 13.04 | 10.78, 15.3 | 0 | <0.00001 | |
| HC | 3 | 2.54 | −0.49, 5.57 | 0 | 0.1 | |
| Short duration | 4 | 6.87 | −0.97, 14.7 | 84 | 0.09 | |
| Medium duration | 3 | 4.45 | 2.52, 6.38 | 14 | <0.00001 | |
| Long duration | 3 | −3.31 | −7.88, 1.25 | 42 | 0.15 | |
| Stan | 2 | 0.19 | −9.57, 9.95 | 0 | 0.97 | |
| PS | 3 | 4.45 | 2.52, 6.38 | 14 | <0.00001 | |
| LSF | 5 | 5.1 | −3.54, 13.74 | 93 | 0.25 | |
| SDNN | OD | 3 | −2.4 | −15.9, 11.11 | 92 | 0.73 |
| SAFSD | 3 | 2.51 | −7.4, 12.41 | 68 | 0.62 | |
| HC | 3 | −3.66 | −9.69, 2.37 | 0 | 0.23 | |
| Short duration | 4 | 1.25 | −5.53, 8.03 | 19 | 0.72 | |
| Medium duration | 2 | 2.22 | −4.44, 8.87 | 56 | 0.51 | |
| Long duration | 4 | −4.71 | −11.82, 2.4 | 61 | 0.19 | |
| Stan | 3 | −4.34 | −12.22, 3.55 | 0 | 0.28 | |
| PS | 3 | 5.23 | 2.38, 8.09 | 40 | 0.0003 | |
| LSF | 4 | −3.12 | −10.97, 4.73 | 75 | 0.44 | |
| PNN50 | OD | 4 | 0.18 | −3.37, 3.72 | 87 | 0.92 |
| SAFSD | 2 | 7.58 | 5.27, 9.9 | 0 | <0.00001 | |
| Short duration | 2 | 1.46 | −0.19, 3.1 | 33 | 0.08 | |
| Long duration | 4 | 5.67 | −2.86, 14.19 | 87 | 0.19 | |
| LSF | 5 | 5.28 | 0.02, 10.54 | 92 | 0.05 | |
| TP | OD | 3 | 38 | −18, 95 | 0 | 0.18 |
| HC | 2 | −82 | −370, 205 | 0 | 0.57 | |
| Short duration | 2 | 15 | −32, 63 | 0 | 0.52 | |
| Medium duration | 2 | −82 | −370, 205 | 0 | 0.57 | |
| Long duration | 2 | 112 | −53, 276 | 0 | 0.18 | |
| Stan | 2 | 28.53 | −31.00, 88.06 | 0 | 0.35 | |
| PS | 3 | −13.13 | −89.12, 62.86 | 0 | 0.73 |
CI, confidence interval; HC, Healthy Cohort; HF, high frequency; HRV, heart rate variability; LF, low frequency; LSF, Live or Special-Format Music Stimuli; MD, mean difference; nu, normalized units; OD, Organic Diseases; PNN50, % of number of pairs of adjacent RR intervals differing by >50 ms; PS, Participant-Selected Music; PTI, Preterm Infants; RMSSD, root mean square of successive RR interval differences; SAFSD, Patients with Stress/Anxiety/Fear/Sleep Disorders; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals; Stan, Standardized Music Stimuli; TP, total power. The bold values mean statistically significant.