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. 2026 Mar 9;16:8617. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39038-w

Table 1.

Radiation shielding parameters and related equations.

Radiation shielding parameters Equations Descriptions
Linear attenuation coefficient Inline graphic Io is the gamma line intensity detected without the glass sample present during the measurements, I is the gamma line intensity detected with the glass sample present during the measurements, and X is the glass thickness.
Uncertainty in linear attenuation coefficient Inline graphic

Inline graphic

Δx is the uncertainty in thickness

Mass attenuation coefficient Inline graphic ρ is the glass density.
Half-value layer Inline graphic
Mean free path Inline graphic
Transmission factor Inline graphic X is the glass thickness
Radiation protection efficiency Inline graphic