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. 2026 Feb 27;17:2329. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70012-2

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Schematic of ischemic zone (IZ), remote zone (RZ), and border zone (BZ) in human acute myocardial infarction. The heart element in the image was sourced from BioRender (Created in BioRender. xu, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/9kka4p3). B UMAP visualization of cell distribution (left) and annotated cell types (right) in the control (n = 4) versus IZ (n = 11) groups. C Cardiomyocyte subpopulation quantification (left) and UMAP-based clustering (right) in the control and IZ groups. D, E UMAP projection (D) and box plots (E) showing PANoptosis activation across cardiac cell types. (The exact n in E = [left to right] 20, 84 cells; 17326, 3506 cells; 6231, 6969 cells; 9468, 12187 cells; 3386, 7142 cells; 3039, 2286 cells; 583, 254 cells; 531, 1138 cells). The minima, maxima, mean, median, bounds, whiskers, and percentile information were provided in the Source Data file. Exact P-values from left to right: 2.39E-265, 1.55E-300, 1.05E-35, 4.09E-05, 2.21E-06, 0.0002, 1.9E-11. F Violin plots comparing PANoptosis-related gene expression (AIM2, ZBP1, RIPK1, Pyrin, NLRP12, NLRP3, MLKL, GSDMD, RIPK3, caspase 3, caspase 1, and caspase 8) in total cells. (n = 40706 cells [control], 33688 cells [IZ]). The minima, maxima, mean, median, bounds, whiskers, and percentile information were provided in the Source Data file. Exact P-values from left to right (AIM2 to caspase 8): 0.2752, 0.0002, 0, 0.0854, 6.67E-09, 7.19E-82, 3.59E-37, 0.0709, 0.0269, 2.29E-280, 2.45E-30, 4.07E-09. G, H Cardiomyocyte-specific UMAP (G) and quantitative PANoptosis levels (H) of the control and IZ groups. (The exact n in H = [left to right] 6904 cells, 0; 5281 cells, 0; 1191, 3346 cells; 3192, 80 cells; 758, 80 cells). The minima, maxima, mean, median, bounds, whiskers, and percentile information were provided in the Source Data file. Exact P-values from left to right: 4.01E-05, 0.0021. I Proportional representation of cardiomyocyte subpopulations. J, K Heatmap depicting activation patterns of apoptosis/PANoptosis/pyroptosis/necroptosis (J) and PANoptosis-related genes (K) across cardiomyocyte subtypes. Significance: wilcox.test, a two-sided test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; ns: no significant difference (P > 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.