Table 2.

Associations between loneliness and hair cortisol concentration among adolescents aged 11–17 years (N=1102)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	b (SE) p value	b (SE) p value	b (SE) p value	b (SE) p value
Associations between Survey-Measured Loneliness and HCC
Main Effects
Loneliness (survey)	− 0.10 (.03) .004	− 0.07 (0.03) .023	− 0.07 (0.03) .029	−0.09 (0.04) .032
Male sex				− 0.05 (0.08) .527
Interaction
Loneliness (survey)*Male				0.04 (0.06) .552
Intercept	1.35 (0.03) <.0001	2.10 (0.29) <.0001	2.10 (0.29) <.0001	2.09 (0.29) <.0001
Associations between EMA-Measured Loneliness and HCC
Main Effects
Loneliness (EMA)	− 0.09 (0.03) .005	− 0.07 (0.03) .037	− 0.07 (0.03) .039	− 0.06 (0.04) .150
Male sex				− 0.05(0.08) .476
Interaction
Loneliness (EMA)*Male				− 0.01 (0.06) .843
Intercept	1.35 (0.03) <.0001	2.04 (0.29) <.0001	2.05 (0.29) <.0001	2.05 (0.29) <.0001

Notes:

Loneliness measures are standardized for bivariate and multivariable analysis, mean =0 and sd= 1

Model 1=bivariate analysis

Model 2= multivariable analysis with loneliness and covariates including sociodemographic characteristics (youth sex, age, race and ethnicity, household income, caregiver educational attainment and marital status), clinical factors (pubertal development, BMI, corticosteroid use), hair care practices (chemical use, daily hair washing), and study procedures (assayed hair length, season of collection)

Model 3= multivariable analysis including loneliness and the covariates in model 2 along with youth lifetime mental health diagnosis and current psychotropic medication use

Model 4= multivariable analysis with loneliness and covariates in model 3 along with the interaction term loneliness*male sex