. 2026 Mar 9;10:e78950. doi: 10.2196/78950

Table 1. Example of initial coding and theme development from interview transcripts (ICT^a stakeholder interviews; underserved communities in Nairobi City County, Kenya).

Participant ID	Main points from participant responses	Initial codes^b	Theoretical theme^c
ICT001	‘‘There is lack of technical skills … and high technology and maintenance costs.”	Lack of technical skills/high maintenance costs	Information management challenges
ICT001	“Donor effect creates a silo for example some partners only cater for HIV reporting and thus creating parallel reporting systems alongside the national health reporting system (DHIS^d).”	Donor effect and parallel systems	Information management challenges
ICT001	“There is a problem with policy implementation especially on devolution of health and misappropriation of funds.”	Poor policy implementation	Information management challenges
ICT004	“ICT infrastructure is expensive … that is, there is high technology and maintenance costs.”	Expensive ICT infrastructure	Information management challenges
ICT004	“The HR^e element should be looked at, that is …, there is low developer capacity and technical skills that is, developers do not understand execution of systems.”	Low HIS^f developer capacity	Information management challenges
ICT004	“There is lack of clear objectives program characterised by short-term thinking … and … a lot of bureaucracy that policy people are not open with new technologies but they only favour paperwork.”	No long-term strategy on sustainability of HIS projects	Information management challenges
ICT004	“There is a lot of bureaucracy that policy people are not open with new technologies but they favour paperwork.”	A lot of bureaucracy	Information management challenges

ICT: information and communication technology. Refers to participants with ICT expertise.

Initial codes: shortened or synthesized statements capturing the key idea expressed in participant responses. Multiple ideas from a single response may be separated by a slash (/) to indicate combined coding.

Theoretical theme: higher-level category used to group similar initial codes reflecting common patterns or challenges in HIS implementation.

DHIS: District Health Information System, the national health reporting platform in Kenya.

HR: health record.

HIS: health information system.

Table 1. Example of initial coding and theme development from interview transcripts (ICTa stakeholder interviews; underserved communities in Nairobi City County, Kenya).

Table 1. Example of initial coding and theme development from interview transcripts (ICT^a stakeholder interviews; underserved communities in Nairobi City County, Kenya).