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. 2026 Feb 26;17:1741741. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1741741

FIGURE 3.

Fluorescence microscopy images (panel A) show cardiac tissue stained for DHE (red, oxidative stress marker), DAPI (blue, nuclei), and 4-HNE (green, lipid peroxidation), with merged images for four treatment groups: Control, ENG, DOX, and DOX plus ENG. Bar graphs (panels B, C, D) quantify DHE, 4-HNE, and MDA levels, showing significant increases in DOX versus control, with reductions in the DOX plus ENG group. Transmission electron microscopy images (panel E) display cardiac ultrastructure across the same groups, with insets highlighting mitochondrial changes. Statistical significance is indicated as ns, *, **, ***.

ENG mitigated DOX-triggered oxidative stress and improved of mitochondrial function. (A–C) Representative images and quantitative analysis of DHE staining of cardiomyocytes (n = 6) and 4-HNE staining of mice cardiac tissue (n = 5). (D) MDA level in mice serum (n = 5). (E) Representative images of mitochondria from the myocardium of mice in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.