Table 2.

Summary of standardized mortality rate by non-cancer cause among 25 independent studies published during 1978 and 2025.

Cause	SMR	keffect	z	p	95% CI
					LL	UL
Diseases of heart (I00–I09, I11, I13, I20–I51)	0.64a	23	−3.88	<0.01	0.51	0.80
Accidents (unintentional injuries) (V01-X59, Y85–Y86)	0.77b	35	−2.37	0.02	0.62	0.98
Chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40–J47)	0.71b	23	−2.68	0.01	0.55	0.91
Cerebrovascular diseases (I60–I69)	0.67b	14	−2.70	0.01	0.50	0.90
Diabetes mellitus (E10–E14)	0.48a	9	−3.72	<0.01	0.32	0.70
Pneumonia/Influenza (J09–J18)	0.65	4	−1.38	0.17	0.36	1.20
Intentional self-harm (suicide) (U03, X60–X84, Y87.0)	0.52a	16	−4.39	<0.01	0.39	0.70
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (K70, K73–K74)	0.81	8	−0.97	0.33	0.54	1.24

^ap < 0.01.

^bp < 0.05.