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. 2026 Mar 10;16:8733. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43341-x

Table 2.

Surgical interventions.

Surgical complexity Type of surgical intervention Frequency Percentage Total percentage
Lower complexity Ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation 2 0.7% 48.4%
Peripheral nerve surgery 4 1.4%
Soft tissue surgery 2 0.7%
Implantation of a drug pump 1 0.4%
Cranioplasty 8 2.9%
Endoscopic extirpation 23 8.3%
Stereotactic biopsy 17 6.1%
Cervical corporectomy 2 0.7%
Foraminotomy 5 1.8%
Laminoplasty 4 1.4%
Hemilaminectomy 17 6.1%
Cervical ventral fusion 14 5.1%
Laminectomy 7 2.5%
Discectomy 7 2.5%
Metal removal 2 0.7%
Microsurgical decompression 5 1.8%
Interlaminar fenestration 14 5.1%
Higher complexity Microsurgical tumor resection 128 46.2% 51.6%
Aneurysm clipping 1 0.4%
Deep brain stimulation 1 0.4%
Spondylodesis 10 3.6%
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) 3 1.1%

Sample characteristics in terms of the surgical intervention, divided by complexity (lower, higher).