Abstract
在 “健康中国 2030” 战略背景下,随着 “三减三健” 专项行动的推进,肥胖儿童的口腔健康问题备受关注。现有研究发现肥胖儿童口腔健康状况普遍较差,龋病、牙龈炎、牙颌畸形、牙外伤等疾病的患病率显著高于正常体重儿童。本文以 “三减三健” 为核心框架,提出多维度措施改善肥胖儿童口腔健康:“减盐、减油、减糖” 能从源头降低口腔疾病风险;“健康口腔、健康体重、健康骨骼” 的协同推进可实现口腔健康与全身健康联动。未来将依托多学科交叉协作,借助人工智能与 “互联网+” 技术,构建社区、校园、家庭联动的健康教育体系,实施分层管理与精准防控,从而提升肥胖儿童口腔健康与全身健康水平,助力 “健康中国” 战略目标。
Keywords: 三减三健, 肥胖儿童, 口腔健康, 健康管理, 综述
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the “Healthy China 2030” strategy and the advancement of the “Three Reductions and Three Healthinesses” initiative, the oral health issues of obese children have received significant attention. Research has shown that obese children generally have poorer oral health, with significantly higher rates of dental caries, gingivitis, dental malocclusion, and dental trauma compared to children of normal weight. This paper proposes multidimensional measures to improve oral health in obese children, using the “Three Reductions and Three Healthinesses” as the core framework: “reducing salt, oil, and sugar” can lower the risk of oral diseases at the source, while the coordinated promotion of “oral health, healthy body weight, and bone health” can create synergy between oral and overall health. Future efforts will leverage multidisciplinary collaboration, artificial intelligence, and “Internet Plus” technologies to establish a health education system that integrates communities, schools, and families. Implementing tiered management and targeted prevention will enhance both oral and overall health among obese children, contributing to the strategic goals of “Healthy China”.
Keywords: Three Reductions and Three Healthinesses, Obesity children, Oral health, Health management, Review
口腔健康是全身健康与生活质量的重要组成,与“健康中国2030”提出的“全民健康生活方式行动”高度契合[1]。全国资料显示,我国儿童在龋病、牙龈炎/牙周健康、牙颌畸形与牙外伤等方面呈“多病并存”,整体负担较重[1-4]。更加值得注意的是,肥胖儿童口腔疾病风险及疾病负担更高于正常儿童。有系统评价结果显示,高体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)儿童龋病风险较正常体重升高约44%,合并早期儿童龋时乳牙龋失补牙数(decayed, missing and filled teeth, DMFT)增加约1.8颗[5];肥胖儿童牙龈炎患病率与严重度显著更高[6];牙列萌出与骨龄提前影响正畸干预窗口[3, 7];重度肥胖儿童(body mass index z-score, BMI-Z>3)的牙外伤发生率约为正常体质量儿童的3.85倍[8]。本文旨在对肥胖儿童口腔健康问题进行综述,综合流行病学与机制证据,提出与“三减三健”相衔接的分层管理路径,为制定精准防控策略与提升该人群口腔健康水平提供依据[1-8]。
1. 肥胖儿童的口腔疾病流行病学现状
随着我国人民生活水平提高,高热量饮食、低运动量等不良生活习惯逐渐增多,儿童肥胖率显著上升,预计到2030年,15.6%的学龄前儿童和31.8%的学龄儿童将面临超重或肥胖的问题[9]。肥胖是儿童口腔疾病的重要危险因素,研究发现肥胖儿童的龋病、牙周病、牙颌畸形和牙外伤等问题突出[3-5]。
1.1. 儿童肥胖与龋病
大量研究显示儿童肥胖会导致龋病高发。针对3~5岁低龄儿童龋(early childhood caries, ECC)研究显示肥胖与患龋率、乳牙DMFT正相关[10]。Meta分析显示BMI较高的儿童患龋风险升高44%[5]。苏格兰约33万人的多队列关联研究显示肥胖儿童患龋率更高,同时患龋儿童BMI值也更高[11]。然而目前对于儿童肥胖与龋病的关系还存在争议,在美国、澳大利亚和墨西哥等地的研究中并未发现相关性[12-14]。此外还有少量研究发现肥胖儿童的患龋风险或龋病严重程度降低,BMI值与DMFT呈负相关[15]。这些异质性可能来源于三方面:1. 研究设计与人群差异:不同研究对于肥胖界定不一;地区氟暴露水平、饮食结构与口腔保健可改变效应方向[10-11, 14];2. 混杂因素控制不足:不同研究对于饮食、家庭社会经济地位、口腔卫生等共同危险因素校正不充分;3. 检测指标不统一:有研究发现肥胖可能导致口腔微生态失衡与唾液功能异常,但不同研究对关键指标的检测存在差异,如部分研究聚焦菌群结构,部分仅分析特定细菌丰度,这导致研究结果难以横向比较[12, 15-16]。
虽然儿童肥胖与龋病的因果尚未定论,但二者共享的危险因素高度重合:高频的高糖饮食既促进体质量增长也促进龋病发生发展[10];健康素养不足与不良口腔卫生行为共同危险因素;社会经济地位偏低、父母受教育程度与家庭收入等叠加不利影响,在此人群中更容易发现肥胖与龋病并存[11]。
在发病机制上,肥胖相关的口腔微生态偏移与龋病表型相似:厚壁菌门(含链球菌、乳杆菌)丰度及群落结构改变与 ECC 相关[16],链球菌与乳杆菌负荷与 ECC 的相关性亦受肥胖影响[17];同时,肥胖可伴随唾液分泌下降与缓冲能力减弱,从而提高龋易感性[18]。
1.2. 儿童肥胖与牙周疾病
菌斑性龈炎是菌斑生物膜导致的牙龈炎症,是最常见的牙周疾病之一[6]。肥胖儿童患牙龈炎的比例更高[18-19],且该差异与性别存在关联,肥胖女孩的牙龈炎症较肥胖男孩更严重[6]。
肥胖与牙龈炎症的关联可能与免疫炎性反应有关[18-19]。研究发现肥胖与促炎因子,如白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子-α有关[19]。脂肪因子,如瘦素、脂联素、抵抗素,纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1和活性氧等参与了牙周炎症反应[20]。细胞和动物实验也发现肥胖相关刺激可加重牙周炎症和破坏[21]。细菌是牙周疾病的始动因子,肥胖儿童龈下菌斑中有23种细菌的数量平均升高3倍[22],唾液样本中牙周致病菌数量也有升高[23],也有学者认为肥胖儿童口腔卫生行为较差,菌斑累积更多从而导致牙龈炎症[18]。还有研究认为牙龈炎加重与肥胖伴随的胰岛素抵抗有关[24]。牙龈炎在肥胖儿童中存在性别差异的原因可能是雌激素在肥胖协同作用下导致牙龈炎症更严重[2]。此外肥胖女孩微生物群落总体表现为丰度下降但多样性增加,例如巨球菌属、乳杆菌目和乳杆菌属出现显著变化[25]。
1.3. 儿童肥胖与牙颌畸形
肥胖儿童的牙萌出时间平均提前0.5~1年,一项持续14年的队列研究发现儿童在4岁时的BMI值即可预测其12岁的牙列发育情况[3],甚至小于1岁婴幼儿体质量增长较快也与乳牙早萌具有相关性[26]。肥胖儿童颅面形态发育与正常体质量儿童存在差异,在矢状面上更突出,具有更显著的双颌前突生长模式[27],另一项研究则发现肥胖儿童下颌更加前突而头颅较短[21]。肥胖儿童的牙萌出更早且颈椎成熟度更高[27],牙列发育较普通儿童提前[3]。因此对于肥胖儿童正畸治疗的方案和时间窗口应该针对性调整,比如有学者认为Ⅱ类错颌畸形的最佳治疗时间点在颈椎成熟分期中的CS3期,对于肥胖儿童的治疗则应该考虑提前[27]。
肥胖参与牙发育和萌出的机制较为复杂,研究认为肥胖可以造成口腔炎症状态,而炎症因子参与了牙萌出过程中颌骨、乳牙根的吸收以及恒牙的萌出,也有学者发现成纤维细胞生长因子-18、胰岛素样生长因子(insulin like growth factor, IGF)和瘦素参与调控了牙的提前萌出[28]。在一项正畸牙移动的前瞻性研究中发现肥胖组的脂肪因子、炎性标志物髓过氧化物酶、核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路与牙移动存在关联[29],可能参与了肥胖状态下牙的加速移动。也有学者发现肥胖儿童前颅底有明显伸长,且与肥胖相关激素尤其是瘦素和IGF-1对骨骼生长的调控有关[30]。
1.4. 儿童肥胖与牙外伤
牙外伤是口腔急诊的常见疾病,不仅影响咀嚼功能,还影响美观并造成心理创伤。儿童是牙外伤高发群体,高达29%儿童发生过牙外伤[4]。大量观察性研究已证实肥胖与儿童牙外伤风险存在显著关联。肥胖儿童因自身平衡调控能力薄弱、跌倒后头部冲击更大,其牙外伤发生风险为正常体质量儿童的1.6~3.85倍[31-32]。肥胖儿童牙外伤与其他部位外伤的机制高度一致。针对儿童骨折的研究发现,肥胖儿童存在明显的步态生物力学异常(如步宽增加15%、步频减慢 8%),同时伴随神经肌肉控制能力下降,导致其日常活动中跌倒概率较正常体质量儿童高 40%[8]。儿童肥胖程度越高牙外伤的风险越高,在一项病例对照研究中发现 BMI-Z大于3的肥胖儿童牙外伤比例更高,但超重儿童(2<BMI-Z≤3)牙外伤占比并未出现显著升高[32]。
还有部分研究认为儿童肥胖与牙外伤没有相关性[33]。出现不同结论的原因可能是对肥胖的界定存在差异,虽然大部分研究都使用BMI这一指标,但选用的截断值有所不同[34]。例如有一项研究将BMI值的三分位数作为肥胖的分界线[34],其他研究将第85百分位数[4]或第95百分位数[31]作为肥胖的分界线。另外有学者虽然观察到了肥胖儿童牙外伤患病率更高,但该差异没有统计学意义[33]。
2. “三减三健”政策与肥胖儿童一体化口腔健康管理
2.1. “三减”对肥胖儿童口腔健康的意义
“三减三健”是我国全民健康生活方式行动的核心内容之一,倡导“减盐、减油、减糖”不仅能降低儿童肥胖的风险,还能改善口腔健康状况。
高糖是龋病的直接影响因素,减糖可以显著降低龋齿风险。肥胖与龋病具有共同的风险因素,高频游离糖摄入的过度摄入会造成肥胖,还为致龋微生物提供代谢底物和能量[3],控制其糖代谢可以显著降低致龋性[35]。高频游离糖摄入还会促进牙菌斑堆积,加剧牙龈炎和牙周病[18]。肥胖儿童选择代糖或低糖食物的基础上,控制糖分摄入频率是维护口腔健康的重要措施。
高盐与口腔微环境存在一定联系。一项针对3~6岁肥胖儿童的横断面研究显示:高盐摄入(每日>5 g,超出儿童推荐量2倍)会破坏口腔黏膜上皮细胞间的紧密连接结构,使黏膜通透性升高,影响唾液渗透压与缓冲能力的稳定[18]。因此控制盐分摄入有助于维持口腔微环境稳定。
高油同样影响牙龈健康。高脂肪饮食可经脂肪组织炎症轴(肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6、瘦素等)直接损害牙龈,表现为探诊出血与牙龈指数升高。降低总脂肪/饱和脂肪可下调系统性炎症并改善牙龈指标[20-21];较高鱼类摄入与更低的牙龈炎症发生率及病原检出率相关,增加ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(含二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸)可抑制促炎通路、降低前列腺素E2,并抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌等牙周致病菌的黏附与生物膜形成[22]。据此,“少害脂+多益脂”能直接靶向肥胖相关的牙龈炎症与微生态失衡。
2.2. “三健”中的肥胖儿童口腔健康促进
“三健”作为全民健康生活方式的重要组成部分,包括健康口腔、健康体质量、健康骨骼,三者密切相关。健康的口腔不仅是“三健”的直接目标之一,也与体质量管理、骨骼健康相互影响,共同维护全身健康。
健康体质量是肥胖儿童面对的首要问题。健康体质量与健康口腔是相辅相成、紧密联动的整体,肥胖与龋病、牙周病、牙外伤都有密切的联系[11, 18, 31]。因此肥胖儿童体质量控制至关重要,可以制定健康体质量与健康口腔的共同防控策略。
健康口腔是肥胖儿童全身健康的起点。一项持续31年的队列研究显示,儿童时期的龋病、牙龈炎症与成年后的代谢综合征存在显著相关性,表现为收缩血压、血糖、腰围等指标更差[36],所以肥胖儿童的口腔健康对全身健康意义重大。口腔健康最常见的威胁是龋病,变异链球菌是龋病的重要致病菌,在构建牙面菌斑生物膜中发挥重要作用[37]。研究发现唾液中变异链球菌占比随体脂率升高[19],因此肥胖儿童应该特别注意菌斑控制,学习正确刷牙和使用牙线。肥胖儿童的牙龈炎风险升高[18],如果有牙龈红肿、出血等炎症表现时应及时前往医疗机构诊治。
肥胖儿童跌倒时牙槽骨承受更大垂直冲击力,牙槽骨骨密度较其他颅颌面骨骼(如下颌骨体部、上颌骨颧突)略高,但骨小梁更稀疏、连接度更低,抗冲击韧性下降,更易发生伴随性骨折[8]。建议针对肥胖儿童进行个性化的体育锻炼设计,在运动场景中建议采用贴合度高的定制化的牙齿与头面部防护设施。肥胖儿童颅面骨发育与正常体重儿童存在差异,且骨骼年龄提前[3],因此对肥胖儿童正畸或正颌治疗时应该针对性调整方案和时机[27]。
3. 肥胖儿童口腔健康管理策略及发展方向
3.1. 多学科交叉协作
肥胖儿童的口腔健康管理涉及筛查与风险评估、营养管理、口腔保健与心理学管理多方面内容,其未来发展是一个多学科交叉的领域。
肥胖儿童的筛查、风险评估和干预可以与儿内科/内分泌、营养、运动医学/康复、心理专业结合。多量表与检测(包括肥胖程度评分BMI-Z,龋病/牙周病风险评估、肥胖儿童生活习惯量表等)可以进行肥胖儿童的筛查与分层,一次完成“口腔-营养-运动-心理”多维评估。多学科联合评估可以针对不同肥胖儿童制定个性化治疗方案,如生活方式干预、心理行为干预、药物疗法及代谢减重手术等,同时进行个性化随访与反馈,以提升预防、诊断、治疗和健康促进效果[38-40]。
营养管理是肥胖儿童控制体质量、健康饮食的关键抓手[41]。膳食营养不仅影响全身代谢,更直接参与口腔微生态平衡。营养学与口腔健康管理的交叉融合是未来促进肥胖儿童口腔健康和全身健康的重要研究方向。将来可以运用分子营养学解析营养成分对口腔健康的调控机制,开发含益生菌的功能性食品调节口腔菌群,以及建立基于人工智能的个性化营养-口腔健康干预模型。
口腔保健器械的创新依赖于生物医学工程与口腔健康管理的交叉。目前口腔保健器械正朝着智能化、精准化和个性化方向发展。可以针对肥胖儿童口腔清洁不佳的问题定制开发口腔保健器械,例如:基于动作感应和AI的智能电动牙刷可监测刷牙方法是否正确,清洁程度是否足够,并形成反馈报告指导肥胖儿童提高自我清洁效果。
医学心理学干预是落实“三减三健”的关键支撑,可针对肥胖儿童普遍存在的依从性不足与自我清洁效果差等问题,提升健康行为的执行与维持,并带来可复制的临床路径。 Meta 分析显示动机性访谈通过心理干预强化肥胖儿童的动机与自我效能,较常规宣教更能提高“减糖-刷牙-复诊”等行为的达标率,改善牙菌斑指数与牙龈出血等结局。多中心证据表明,基于游戏化的行为塑造与“亲子健康契约”可显著提升刷牙频率与时长、减少含糖饮料摄入,其效果优于常规健康教育[42]。
3.2. 人工智能与“互联网+”助力
人工智能和“互联网+”技术的融合为口腔健康促进带来了革命性的突破。未来可以利用人工智能针对肥胖儿童颅面骨发育特点定制矫治方案,帮助医生提高诊疗效率、精准度。在龋病管理上,有研究者已经利用大数据机器学习形成儿童龋病风险人工智能预测模型,用于识别龋病高风险儿童[42]。“互联网+”在连接各级医疗机构,平衡医疗资源方面具有独特优势。例如可以搭建口腔专科医院与基层医疗机构协作的服务机制,针对存在口腔健康潜在风险的肥胖儿童提供签约家庭医生服务,基层家庭医生提供现场检查,进行信息输入:基本信息、饮食频次、刷牙数据、既往涂氟/封闭、唾液pH/缓冲能力、口腔照片。口腔专科医院则利用远程方式进行MDT多学科会诊、复杂病例诊疗与技术输出,从而建立基于“互联网+”的院内-医联体-基层三层协同模式[43]。未来随着5G、增强现实等技术的加入,远程示教、虚拟诊疗等创新应用将进一步拓展肥胖儿童口腔健康促进的边界,为实现"健康中国"战略目标提供强有力的技术支撑。
3.3. 社区/校园/家庭联动口腔健康教育
社区是肥胖儿童生活的场所,可在社区开展形式多样、寓教于乐的口腔健康科普教育,有效提升肥胖儿童的口腔健康意识,帮助其掌握正确的刷牙方法,减少龋齿、牙周病等常见口腔疾病的发生。校园口腔健康教育具有独特的优势,能够以系统化、常态化的方式覆盖全体儿童,要加强校园医生对肥胖儿童口腔问题的重视,强化家庭和学校对肥胖儿童口腔健康意识的树立。通过将口腔健康知识融入校园文化,培养正确的护牙意识。
4. 结语
肥胖儿童的口腔健康面临龋病、牙周病、外伤、牙颌畸形等多重挑战。贯彻“三减三健”理念,不仅有助于改善肥胖儿童口腔健康状况,更能有效提升全身健康水平,实现从局部到整体的健康优化。未来,应加强多学科协作和差异化管理,强化“三减三健”公共卫生干预策略对肥胖儿童群体的关注度,通过健康教育、政策引导和个人行为改变,推动肥胖儿童口腔健康和全身健康的提升,助力“健康中国”战略目标的实现。
* * *
作者贡献声明 程然负责论文构思、调查研究、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,雷蕾负责调查研究、监督指导和审读与编辑写作,张睿负责调查研究、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,蔡和负责调查研究和监督指导,胡涛负责论文构思、经费获取、监督指导、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。
Author Contribution CHENG Ran is responsible for conceptualization, investigation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. LEI Lei is responsible for investigation, supervision, and writing--review and editing. ZHANG Rui is responsible for investigation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. CAI He is responsible for investigation and supervision. HU Tao is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.
利益冲突 本文作者胡涛是本刊编委会编委。该文在编辑评审过程中所有流程严格按照期刊政策进行,且未经其本人经手处理。除此之外,所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
Declaration of Conflicting Interests HU Tao is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal. All processes involved in the editing and reviewing of this article were carried out in strict compliance with the journal's policies and there was no inappropriate personal involvement by the author. Other than this, all authors declare no competing interests.
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金面上项目(No. 82270972)资助
Contributor Information
然 程 (Ran CHENG), Email: chengran@scu.edu.cn.
涛 胡 (Tao HU), Email: hutao@scu.edu.cn.
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