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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Mar 13.
Published in final edited form as: Proc Des Med Devices Conf. 2025 May 24;2025:10.1115/dmd2025-1021. doi: 10.1115/dmd2025-1021

TABLE 1:

BASELINE DEMOGRAPHIC AND PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES.

Sample
(% of overall sample)
Age
 40–65 years old 9 (75%)
 >65 years old 3 (25%)
Gender
Female 2 (17%)
Male 10 (83%)
Race
 White 9 (75%)
 Asian 1 (8%)
 Black 1 (8%)
 Native American 1 (8%)
 Other 0 (0%)
Ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic 12 (100%)
 Hispanic 0 (0%)
Side of amputation
 Left transtibial 8 (67%)
 Right transtibial 4 (33%)
Time since amputation
 1–5 years 3 (25%)
 >5 years 9 (75%)
Cause of amputation
 Trauma 10 (83%)
 Dysvascular 2 (17%)
Self-reported diagnosis of diabetes prior to amputation
 Yes 5 (42%)
 No 7 (58%)
Prosthesis User
 Yes 12 (100%)
 No 0 (0%)
PROMIS Depression - 4a (Average total score, T-Score, Standard error) 7 (53.9)(2.4)
PROMIS Anxiety – 4a (Average total score, T-Score, Standard error) 7 (53.7) (2.8)
PSEQ-4 (Total Score, standard deviation) 18 (5.2)
ARPE: Residual Limb Pain (Average score, standard deviation) 4.1 (3.1)
ARPE: Phantom Limb Pain (Average score, standard deviation) 4.6 (2.8)
ARPE: Phantom Limb Sensation (Average Score, standard deviation) 4.9 (2.0)

Note: ARPE: Amputation-Related Pain and Experiences; PROMIS: Patient Reported Outcome measurement Information System; PSEQ-4: Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire – 4. The mean baseline score for each patient-reported outcome measure is reported.