Table 2.
GRADE evidence quality evaluation.
| Outcomes | No. of studies (participants) | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily steps | 2 (162) | Downgradeda | Not downgradedb | Not downgraded | Downgradedc | Not assessed e | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
| BMI | 5 (480) | Not downgraded | Not downgradedb | Not downgraded | Downgradedc | Not assessede | ⊕⊕⊕○ Moderate |
| Body weight | 2 (75) | Not downgraded | Not downgradedb | Not downgraded | Seriously downgradedd | Not assessede | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
| ESS | 3 (370) | Not downgraded | Not downgradedb | Not downgraded | Downgradedc | Not assessede | ⊕⊕⊕○ Moderate |
| AHI | 2 (121) | Not downgraded | Not downgradedb | Not downgraded | Downgradedc | Not assessede | ⊕⊕⊕○ Moderate |
a: downgraded for risk of bias due to high rates of missing data regarding step counts in the included studies, suggesting potential attrition bias. b: I2 >50% (Note: no downgrade for inconsistency was applied as I2 values were consistently low across all outcomes in this study). c: downgraded for imprecision as the 95% confidence interval crosses the line of no effect (includes 0). d: downgraded for serious imprecision due to small total sample size (< 200 participants across only 2 studies) and wide confidence intervals. e: publication bias was not assessed via funnel plots or Egger's test because fewer than 10 studies were included.