Table 2.

Exercise protocol details

Study	Body Composition Method	Exercise Type	Exercise Mode	Exercise Intensity	Intensity Monitoring	Exercise Duration	Progression Protocol	Control Group Exercise
Camacho-Cardenosa 2018	BIA	IHT/INT: Interval training	Cycling (Ergoselect series 100/200; Ergoline GmbH)	IHT/INT: 90% Wmax (3 min) + 55–65% Wmax recovery (3 min	HR monitor (Team System, Polar), RPE	IHT/INT: 41.5 min average	Yes - weeks 1–2: 3 intervals, weeks 3–5: 4 intervals, weeks 6–8: 5 intervals, weeks 9–12: 6 intervals	Identical to intervention but in normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%)
Camacho-Cardenosa 2020	BIA	Aerobic interval	Cycling	90% Wmax intervals, 55–65% Wmax recovery	HR monitor	42 min	Yes (3–6 sets)	Yes
Chacaroun 2020a	MRI	Moderate continuous	Cycling	75% HRmax	Heart rate	45 min	No	Identical protocol at normoxia
Gatterer 2015	BIA	Moderate continuous	Cycle ergometer/treadmill/cross trainer	65–70% HRmax	Heart rate	90 min	Yes (HR target adapted after 3 months)	Identical protocol at normoxia
Ghaith 2022	BIA	HIIT	Cycling	80% Wpeak (NHT) vs. 100% Wpeak (CON)	Heart rate and RPE	Variable (30–60 s intervals)	Yes (volume and duration increased)	Identical protocol at normoxia
Jiao 2024	BIA	Combined	Multiple modalities	≥ 3 METs, ≥ 70% VO2max	NR	60 min	No	Yes
Kong 2014	BIA	Combined	Running, cycling, stepping, strength	60–70% HRmax	HR monitor	120 min	Yes	Yes
Mai 2019	ADP	Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise	Treadmill walking	50–60% HRmax	HR monitor	60 min	No	Yes
Morishima 2014	DXA	Aerobic	Cycling	55% VO2max	Heart rate monitor	60 min	No	Identical protocol in normoxia (FiO2 = 21%)
Park 2019	BIA	Combined (aerobic + resistance)	Treadmill (30 min) + bicycle (30 min) + elastic resistance (30–40 min)	60–70% HRmax, 6–7 OMNI-RES scale	Heart rate using Tanaka formula (208 - [0.7 age])	90–120 min	No	Identical protocol in normoxia

ADP Air Displacement Plethysmography, BIA Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging, DXA Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry