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. 2026 Feb 27;13:1794630. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1794630

Table 1.

Comparison of sperm kinematic parameters between beef and dairy bulls.

Parameters Beef Dairy p-value Significance
Motility (%) 83.59 ± 2.08 56.24 ± 2.42 <0.0001 ***
Progressive motility (%) 58.54 ± 3.01 48.25 ± 9.57 0.0475 *
Sperm concentration (106/mL) 29.93 ± 6.70 26.73 ± 2.28 0.2970 ns
VAP (μm/s) 59.06 ± 11.02 75.24 ± 14.94 0.0762 ns
VSL (μm/s) 46.73 ± 5.42 53.33 ± 4.93 0.0635 ns
VCL (μm/s) 78.09 ± 5.49 80.94 ± 5.74 0.4248 ns
STR (%) 65.93 ± 3.13 70.18 ± 2.51 0.0336 *
LIN (%) 47.22 ± 1.44 55.99 ± 4.69 0.0031 **
WOB (%) 68.42 ± 4.00 73.02 ± 3.03 0.0582 ns
ALH (μm) 3.19 ± 0.23 2.64 ± 0.26 0.0055 **
BCF (Hz) 7.46 ± 0.18 7.12 ± 0.28 0.0821 ns

Values are presented as mean ± SD, ns, not significant (p > 0.05),*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.