α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
AF-1	Activation function-1 domain
AF-2	Activation function-2 domain
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ApoAI	Apolipoprotein AI
ApoAII	Apolipoprotein AII
ApoAIV-V	Apolipoprotein AIV-V
ApoB100	Apolipoprotein B100
ApoCI	Apolipoprotein CI
CCl4	Carbon tetrachloride
CD-HFD	Choline-deficient high-fat diet
CETP	Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EphB4	Ephrin receptor B4
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ERK1/2	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide 1
GDF15	Growth differentiation factor 15
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HFD	High-fat diet
HSC	Hepatic stellate cell
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
hs-CRP	high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
IL	Interleukin
InsRβ	Insulin receptor beta subunit
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
LBD	Ligand-binding domain
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LSECs	liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MASH	Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NEFAs	Non-esterified fatty acids
NLRP3	nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3
NF–κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NPC1L1	Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 protein
PBC	primary biliary cholangitis
PC-TP	Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein
PGC-1α	PPAR-γ coactivator 1 alpha
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PKA	protein kinase A
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPRE	Peroxisome proliferator response element
RXR	Retinoid X receptor
SREBP-1c	Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acids
SMAD	Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic
SOCS3	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
STAT	Signal transducer and activator of transcription
TCPTP45	T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase 45
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TG	Triglyceride
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
UDCA	Ursodeoxycholic acid
VLDL	Very low-density lipoprotein