Skip to main content
PMC home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 1994;92:477–588.

The epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

G B Bartley
PMCID: PMC1298522  PMID: 7886878

Abstract

Among incident cases of GO in Olmsted County, Minnesota: GO affected females six times more frequently than males (86% versus 14% of cases, respectively). The age-adjusted incidence rate was 16 cases per 100,000 population per year for females and 2.9 cases per 100,000 population for males. The peak incidence rates were bimodal, occurring in the age groups 40 to 44 years and 60 to 64 years in females and 45 to 49 years and 65 to 69 years in males. Among patients with GO, approximately 90% had Graves' hyperthyroidism, 1% had primary hypothyroidism, 3% had Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 5% were euthyroid. Eyelid retraction was the most common ophthalmic feature of autoimmune thyroid disease, being present either unilaterally or bilaterally in more than 90% of patients at some point in their clinical course. Exophthalmos of one or both eyes affected approximately 60% of patients, restrictive extraocular myopathy was apparent in about 40% of patients, and optic nerve dysfunction occurred in either one or both eyes in 6% of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Only 5% of patients had the complete constellation of classic findings: eyelid retraction, exophthalmos, optic nerve dysfunction, extraocular muscle involvement, and hyperthyroidism. Upper eyelid retraction, either unilateral or bilateral, was documented in approximately 75% of patients at the time of diagnosis of GO. Lid lag also was a frequent early sign, being present either unilaterally or bilaterally in 50% of patients at the initial examination. At the time of diagnosis of GO, the most frequent ocular symptom was pain or discomfort, which affected 30% of patients. Some degree of diplopia was noted by approximately 17% of patients, lacrimation or photophobia was present in about 15% to 20% of patients, and 7.5% of patients complained of blurred vision. Decreased vision attributable to optic neuropathy was present in less than 2% of eyes at the time of diagnosis of GO. Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy accompanied GO in approximately 4% and 1% of patients, respectively. Myasthenia gravis occurred in less than 1% of patients. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis was documented in less than 4% of patients. The median age at the time of diagnosis of GO was 43 years (range, 8 to 88). Among patients with hyperthyroidism, 61% developed ophthalmopathy within 1 year of the onset of thyrotoxicosis. Symptoms and signs for which statistically significant changes occurred between the initial and final examinations included lacrimation, pain or ocular discomfort, photophobia, eyelid retraction, lid lag, eyelid fullness, conjunctival injection, chemosis, and exophthalmos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Full text

PDF
478

Images in this article

478FIGURE 1
on p.478
480FIGURE 2
on p.480
481FIGURE 3
on p.481

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ARANOW H., Jr, DAY R. M. MANAGEMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH OPHTHALMOPATHY: ANTITHYROID REGIMEN DETERMINED PRIMARILY BY OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1965 Jan;25:1–10. doi: 10.1210/jcem-25-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Agapitos P. J., Hart I. R. Long-term follow-up of ophthalmic Graves' disease. CMAJ. 1987 Feb 15;136(4):369–372. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen C., Stetz D., Roman S. H., Podos S., Som P., Davies T. F. Prevalence and clinical associations of intraocular pressure changes in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Jul;61(1):183–187. doi: 10.1210/jcem-61-1-183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Almqvist S., Algvere P. Hypothyroidism in progressive ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1972;50(6):761–770. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1972.tb06615.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BRAIN R. Pathogenesis and treatment of endocrine exophthalmos. Lancet. 1959 Jan 17;1(7064):109–115. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90001-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BRALEY A. E. Malignant exophthalmos. Am J Ophthalmol. 1953 Sep;36(9):1286–1290. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(53)92299-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bahn R. S., Garrity J. A., Bartley G. B., Gorman C. A. Diagnostic evaluation of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1988 Sep;17(3):527–545. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bahn R. S., Gorman C. A. Choice of therapy and criteria for assessing treatment outcome in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Jun;16(2):391–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bahn R. S., Heufelder A. E. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1993 Nov 11;329(20):1468–1475. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199311113292007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Balazs C., Stenszky V., Farid N. R. Association between Graves' ophthalmopathy and smoking. Lancet. 1990 Sep 22;336(8717):754–754. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92251-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Barbosa J., Wong E., Doe R. P. Ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease. Outcome after treatment with radioactive iodine, surgery, or antithyroid drugs. Arch Intern Med. 1972 Jul;130(1):111–113. doi: 10.1001/archinte.130.1.111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Barnes H. V., Gann D. S. Choosing thyroidectomy in hyperthyroidism. Surg Clin North Am. 1974 Apr;54(2):289–307. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)40280-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bartalena L., Marcocci C., Bogazzi F., Panicucci M., Lepri A., Pinchera A. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 16;321(20):1349–1352. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911163212001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bartalena L., Marcocci C., Chiovato L., Laddaga M., Lepri G., Andreani D., Cavallacci G., Baschieri L., Pinchera A. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983 Jun;56(6):1139–1144. doi: 10.1210/jcem-56-6-1139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bartalena L., Martino E., Marcocci C., Bogazzi F., Panicucci M., Velluzzi F., Loviselli A., Pinchera A. More on smoking habits and Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 Nov;12(10):733–737. doi: 10.1007/BF03350047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bauer F. K., Catz B. Radioactive iodine therapy for progressive malignant exophthalmos. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1966 Jan;51(1):15–22. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0510015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Berglund J., Christensen S. B., Hallengren B. Total and age-specific incidence of Graves' thyrotoxicosis, toxic nodular goitre and solitary toxic adenoma in Malmö 1970-74. J Intern Med. 1990 Feb;227(2):137–141. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00132.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bogren H. G., Franti C. E., Wilmarth S. S. Normal variations of the position of the eye in the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1986 Aug;93(8):1072–1077. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33618-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Brownlie B. E., Newton O. A., Singh S. P. Ophthalmopathy associated with primary hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1975 Aug;79(4):691–699. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0790691. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Buchanan W. W., Alexander W. D., Crooks J., Koutras D. A., Wayne E. J., Anderson J. R., Goudie R. B. Association of Thyrotoxicosis and Auto-immune Thyroiditis. Br Med J. 1961 Mar 25;1(5229):843–847. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5229.843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Burke G. The triiodothyronine suppression test. Am J Med. 1967 Apr;42(4):600–608. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90058-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Calissendorff B. M., Söderström M., Alveryd A. Ophthalmopathy and hyperthyroidism. A comparison between patients receiving different antithyroid treatments. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1986 Dec;64(6):698–703. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1986.tb00688.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cathelineau G., Fribourg-Desi M. Ophtalmopathie de type basedowien et hypothyroïdie primitive. Nouv Presse Med. 1974 Sep 28;3(32):1995–1998. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Catz B., Perzik S. L. Total thyroidectomy in the management of thyrotoxic and euthyroid Graves' disease. Am J Surg. 1969 Sep;118(3):434–439. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(69)90151-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cennamo G., Bizzarro A., Soricelli A., Dendi B., Bonavolontà G. Correlation between unilateral exophthalmos and thyroid diseases. Ophthalmologica. 1980;180(4):216–220. doi: 10.1159/000308977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Char D. H. The ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease. Med Clin North Am. 1991 Jan;75(1):97–119. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30474-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cher I. Clinical features of superior limbic keroconjunctivitis in Australia. A probable association withhyrotoxicosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969 Nov;82(5):580–586. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1969.00990020582002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chopra I. J., Chopra U., Orgiazzi J. Abnormalities of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Dec;37(6):955–967. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-6-955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cooper D. S. Tobacco and Graves' disease. Smoking gun or smoke and mirrors? JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):518–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. DANFORTH W. H., HUMPHREY H. A. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and pretibial myxedema associated with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958 Nov;18(11):1302–1307. doi: 10.1210/jcem-18-11-1302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. DRESCHER E. P., BENEDICT W. L. Asymmetric exophthalmos. Arch Ophthal. 1950 Jul;44(1):109–128. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1950.00910020112007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Darrell R. W. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in identical twins. Cornea. 1992 May;11(3):262–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Day R. M. Ocular Manifestations of Thyroid Disease: Current Concepts. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1959;57:572–601. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Dean G. W. Ophthalmopathy with hypothyroidism. Wis Med J. 1968 Nov;67(11):547–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Donaldson S. S., Bagshaw M. A., Kriss J. P. Supervoltage orbital radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Aug;37(2):276–285. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-2-276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dyer J. A. The oculorotary muscles in Graves' disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1976;74:425–456. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. ENGEL A. G. Thyroid function and myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol. 1961 Jun;4:663–674. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1961.00450120077009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Easton P. A., Wall J. R. Graves' hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy following treatment of spontaneous hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. Can Med Assoc J. 1981 Jul 1;125(1):65–66. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Eiferman R. A., Wilkins E. L. Immunological aspects of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1979 Apr;14(2):85–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Engel A. G. Neuromuscular manifestations of Graves' disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972 Dec;47(12):919–925. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Fatourechi V., Garrity J. A., Bartley G. B., Bergstralh E. J., Gorman C. A. Orbital decompression in Graves' ophthalmopathy associated with pretibial myxedema. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993 Jun;16(6):433–437. doi: 10.1007/BF03348875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Feldon S. E. Graves' ophthalmopathy. Is it really thyroid disease? Arch Intern Med. 1990 May;150(5):948–950. doi: 10.1001/archinte.150.5.948. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Feldon S. E., Muramatsu S., Weiner J. M. Clinical classification of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Identification of risk factors for optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Oct;102(10):1469–1472. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031189015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Feldon S. E., Unsöld R. Graves' ophthalmopathy evaluated by infrared eye-movement recordings. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Feb;100(2):324–328. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030326022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Feldon S. E., Weiner J. M. Clinical significance of extraocular muscle volumes in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a quantitative computed tomography study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Aug;100(8):1266–1269. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040244006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Feldon S. Classification of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 1993 Summer;3(2):171–171. doi: 10.1089/thy.1993.3.171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Flanagan J. C. Retraction of the eyelids secondary to thyroid ophthalmopathy--its surgical correction with sclera and the fate of the graft. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1980;78:657–685. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Forbes G., Gorman C. A., Brennan M. D., Gehring D. G., Ilstrup D. M., Earnest F., 4th Ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease: computerized volume measurements of the orbital fat and muscle. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1986 Jul-Aug;7(4):651–656. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Forbes G., Gorman C. A., Gehring D., Baker H. L., Jr Computer analysis of orbital fat and muscle volumes in Graves ophthalmopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983 May-Jun;4(3):737–740. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Franco P. S., Hershman J. M., Haigler E. D., Jr, Pittman J. A., Jr Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone compared with thyroid suppression tests in euthyroid Graves' disease. Metabolism. 1973 Nov;23(2):1357–1365. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(73)90251-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Frueh B. R., Garber F., Grill R., Musch D. C. Positional effects on exophthalmometer readings in Graves' eye disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Sep;103(9):1355–1356. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050090107043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Frueh B. R. Graves' eye disease: orbital compliance and other physical measurements. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1984;82:492–598. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Frueh B. R., Musch D. C., Garber F. W. Exophthalmometer readings in patients with Graves' eye disease. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986 Jan;17(1):37–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Furszyfer J., Kurland L. T., McConahey W. M., Elveback L. R. Graves' disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Mayo Clin Proc. 1970 Sep;45(9):636–644. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Földes J. Euthyroid endocrine ophthalmopathy: a study of the pituitary-thyroid system. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1975;32(3-4):217–222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. GIMLETTE T. M. Thyroid acropachy. Lancet. 1960 Jan 2;1(7114):22–24. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)92719-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. GREENE R. Lymphadenoid goitre with hypothyroidism, exophthalmos, pretibial myxoedema and acropachy. Proc R Soc Med. 1961 Apr;54:342–343. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. GREENE R. Thyroid acropachy. Proc R Soc Med. 1951 Feb;44(2):159–161. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Gamblin G. T., Harper D. G., Galentine P., Buck D. R., Chernow B., Eil C. Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in Graves' disease--evidence of frequent subclinical ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1983 Feb 24;308(8):420–424. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198302243080803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Garrity J. A., Fatourechi V., Bergstralh E. J., Bartley G. B., Beatty C. W., DeSanto L. W., Gorman C. A. Results of transantral orbital decompression in 428 patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993 Nov 15;116(5):533–547. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73194-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Glaser J. S. Graves' ophthalmopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Oct;102(10):1448–1449. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031168010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Grande C. Hypothyroidism following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: multivariate analysis of risk factors. Radiother Oncol. 1992 Sep;25(1):31–36. doi: 10.1016/0167-8140(92)90192-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Gray J., Hoffenberg R. Thyrotoxicosis and stress. Q J Med. 1985 Feb;54(214):153–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Gwinup G., Elias A. N., Ascher M. S. Effect on exophthalmos of various methods of treatment of Graves' disease. JAMA. 1982 Apr 16;247(15):2135–2138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. HALES I. B., RUNDLE F. F. Ocular changes in Graves' disease. A long-term follow-up study. Q J Med. 1960 Jan;29:113–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. HAMILTON H. E., SCHULTZ R. O., DE GOWIN E. L. The endocrine eye lesion in hyperthyroidism. Its incidence and course in 165 patients treated for thyrotoxicosis with iodine. Arch Intern Med. 1960 May;105:675–685. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. HAYDAR N. A. Exophthalmos, digital clubbing and pretibal myxedema in thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1963 Feb;23:215–217. doi: 10.1210/jcem-23-2-215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. HEDGES T. R., Jr, SCHEIE H. G. Visual field defects in exophthalmos associated with thyroid disease. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1955 Dec;54(6):885–892. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1955.00930020891012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hall R., Kirkham K., Doniach D., el-Kabir D. Ophthalmic Graves' disease. Diagnosis and pathogenesis. Lancet. 1970 Feb 21;1(7643):375–378. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91513-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Hamilton R. D., Mayberry W. E., McConahey W. M., Hanson K. C. Ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease: a comparison between patients treated surgically and patients treated with radioiodide. Mayo Clin Proc. 1967 Dec;42(12):812–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Hancock S. L., Cox R. S., McDougall I. R. Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 29;325(9):599–605. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108293250902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hodes B. L., Shoch D. E. Thyroid ocular myopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1979;77:80–103. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Ingbar S. H. Large doses of radioiodine in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. N Engl J Med. 1968 Dec 19;279(25):1395–1396. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196812192792509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. JOHNS R. J., KNOX D. L., WALSH F. B., RENKEN H. J. Involuntary eye movements in a patient with myasthenia and hyperthyroidism. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962 Jan;67:35–41. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960020037006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Jackson R., Rosenberg C., Kleinmann R., Vagenakis A. G., Braverman L. E. Ophthalmopathy after neck irradiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979 Aug;63(8):1393–1395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Jacobson D. H., Gorman C. A. Endocrine ophthalmopathy: current ideas concerning etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Endocr Rev. 1984 Spring;5(2):200–220. doi: 10.1210/edrv-5-2-200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Jacobson D. H., Gorman C. A. Endocrine ophthalmopathy: current ideas concerning etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Endocr Rev. 1984 Spring;5(2):200–220. doi: 10.1210/edrv-5-2-200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Jacobson D. R., Fleming B. J. Graves' disease with ophthalmopathy following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Am J Med Sci. 1984 Dec;288(5):217–220. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198412000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Jiang N. S., Fairbanks V. F., Hay I. D. Assay for thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986 Sep;61(9):753–755. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62778-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Jones D. I., Munro D. S., Wilson G. M. Observations on the course of exophthalmos after 131-I therapy. Proc R Soc Med. 1969 Jan;62(1):15–18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. KRISS J. P., PLESHAKOV V., CHIEN J. R. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR AND ITS RELATION TO HYPERTHYROIDISM AND CIRCUMSCRIBED PRETIBIAL MYXEDEMA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1964 Oct;24:1005–1028. doi: 10.1210/jcem-24-10-1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kahaly G., Schrezenmeir J., Krause U., Schweikert B., Meuer S., Muller W., Dennebaum R., Beyer J. Ciclosporin and prednisone v. prednisone in treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a controlled, randomized and prospective study. Eur J Clin Invest. 1986 Oct;16(5):415–422. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1986.tb01016.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kahaly G., Schuler M., Sewell A. C., Bernhard G., Beyer J., Krause U. Urinary glycosaminoglycans in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990 Jul;33(1):35–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00463.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Kao S. C., Kendler D. L., Nugent R. A., Adler J. S., Rootman J. Radiotherapy in the management of thyroid orbitopathy. Computed tomography and clinical outcomes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Jun;111(6):819–823. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090060107032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Kaye S. B., Green J. R., Luck J., Lowe K. J. Dependence of ocular protrusion, asymmetry of protrusion and lateral interobital width on age. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1992 Dec;70(6):762–765. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb04884.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Kelly W., Longson D., Smithard D., Fawcitt R., Wensley R., Noble J., Keeley J. An evaluation of plasma exchange for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983 May;18(5):485–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1983.tb02878.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Kendler D. L., Lippa J., Rootman J. The initial clinical characteristics of Graves' orbitopathy vary with age and sex. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Feb;111(2):197–201. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090020051022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Klee G. G., Hay I. D. Assessment of sensitive thyrotropin assays for an expanded role in thyroid function testing: proposed criteria for analytic performance and clinical utility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Mar;64(3):461–471. doi: 10.1210/jcem-64-3-461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Klein B. E., Klein R., Linton K. L. Intraocular pressure in an American community. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Jun;33(7):2224–2228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Kriss J. P., Konishi J., Herman M. Studies on the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (with some related observations regarding therapy). Recent Prog Horm Res. 1975;31:533–566. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571131-9.50018-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Kriss J. P., Pleshakov V., Rosenblum A. L., Holderness M., Sharp G., Utiger R. Studies on the pathogenesis of the ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1967 Apr;27(4):582–593. doi: 10.1210/jcem-27-4-582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Kurland L. T., Molgaard C. A. The patient record in epidemiology. Sci Am. 1981 Oct;245(4):54–63. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1081-54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. LAMBERG B. A. The thyro-hypophysial syndrome. I. The primary reaction of the hypophysial eye signs (including exophthalmos) to the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Acta Med Scand. 1954;148(3):225–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. LEYDHECKER W., AKIYAMA K., NEUMANN H. G. Der intraokular Druck gesunder menschlicher Augen. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild. 1958;133(5):662–670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Lavergne G. Pittfalls in the diagnosis of endocrine exophthalmy. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;14:421–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Leone C. R., Jr The management of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Ophthalmology. 1984 Jul;91(7):770–779. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34221-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Liddle G. W., Heyssel R. M., McKenzie J. M. Graves' disease without hyperthyroidism. Am J Med. 1965 Nov;39(5):845–848. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90104-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Loeffler J. S., Tarbell N. J., Garber J. R., Mauch P. The development of Graves' disease following radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Jan;14(1):175–178. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90065-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Lyons D. E. Postural changes in IOP in dysthyroid exophthalmos. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1971;91:799–803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. MILLIKAN C. H., HAINES S. F. The thyroid gland in relation to neuromuscular disease. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1953 Jul;92(1):5–39. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1953.00240190017002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Marcocci C., Bartalena L., Bogazzi F., Panicucci M., Pinchera A. Studies on the occurrence of ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989 Apr;120(4):473–478. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1200473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Marcocci C., Bartalena L., Panicucci M., Marconcini C., Cartei F., Cavallacci G., Laddaga M., Campobasso G., Baschieri L., Pinchera A. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with retrobulbar or systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a comparative study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987 Jul;27(1):33–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1987.tb00836.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Marushak D., Faurschou S., Blichert-Toft M. Regression of ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease following thyroidectomy. A systematic study of changes of ocular signs. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1984 Oct;62(5):767–779. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1984.tb05805.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. McKenzie J. M. Humoral factors in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. Physiol Rev. 1968 Jan;48(1):252–310. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1968.48.1.252. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Melton L. J., 3rd, Ochi J. W., Palumbo P. J., Chu C. P. Sources of disparity in the spectrum of diabetes mellitus at incidence and prevalence. Diabetes Care. 1983 Sep-Oct;6(5):427–431. doi: 10.2337/diacare.6.5.427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Mendlovic D. B., Saeed Zafar M. Ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1992 Oct 29;327(18):1320–1321. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199210293271818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Michaelson E. D., Young R. L. Hypothyroidism with Graves' disease. JAMA. 1970 Feb 23;211(8):1351–1354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Miller N. R., Gittinger J. W., Keltner J. L., Burde R. M. Lid retraction or no lid retraction in optic neuropathy with proptosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985 May-Jun;29(6):443–449. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90209-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Mornex R., Fournier G., Berthezene F. Ophthalmic Graves' disease. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;14:426–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Morris J. C., 3rd, Hay I. D., Nelson R. E., Jiang N. S. Clinical utility of thyrotropin-receptor antibody assays: comparison of radioreceptor and bioassay methods. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988 Jul;63(7):707–717. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65533-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Mourits M. P., Koorneef L., van Mourik-Noordenbos A. M., van der Meulen-Schot H. M., Prummel M. F., Wiersinga W. M., Berghout A. Extraocular muscle surgery for Graves' ophthalmopathy: does prior treatment influence surgical outcome? Br J Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug;74(8):481–483. doi: 10.1136/bjo.74.8.481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Mourits M. P., Koornneef L., Wiersinga W. M., Prummel M. F., Berghout A., van der Gaag R. Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a novel approach. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989 Aug;73(8):639–644. doi: 10.1136/bjo.73.8.639. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Munro R. E., Lamki L., Row V. V., Volpé R. Cell-mediated immunity in the exophthalmos of Graves' disease as demonstrated by the migration inhibition factor (MIF) test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Aug;37(2):286–292. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-2-286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Nelson J. D. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). Eye (Lond) 1989;3(Pt 2):180–189. doi: 10.1038/eye.1989.26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Nunery W. R., Martin R. T., Heinz G. W., Gavin T. J. The association of cigarette smoking with clinical subtypes of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Jun;9(2):77–82. doi: 10.1097/00002341-199306000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Nüssgens Z., Roggenkämper P., Schweikert H. U. Entwicklung einer endokrinen Orbitopathie während einer Schwangerschaft. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1993 Feb;202(2):130–133. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1045571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. O'Fallon W. M., Rings L., Gonzalez R., Burnett J., Golda C., Hayes G., Neveu M., O'Neill L., Zemek R. Natural History Study of Congenital Heart Defects. Control Clin Trials. 1987 Dec;8(4 Suppl):115S–120S. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(87)90014-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Ohashi Y., Watanabe H., Kinoshita S., Hosotani H., Umemoto M., Manabe R. Vitamin A eyedrops for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988 May 15;105(5):523–527. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(88)90245-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Ohnishi T., Noguchi S., Murakami N., Nakahara H., Hoshi H., Jinnouchi S., Futami S., Nagamachi S., Watanabe K. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle: MR evaluation of enlargement as a cause of upper eyelid retraction in Graves disease. Radiology. 1993 Jul;188(1):115–118. doi: 10.1148/radiology.188.1.8511284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Ormston B. J., Alexander L., Evered D. C., Clark F., Bird T., Appleton D., Hall R. Thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in ophthalmic Graves' disease: correlation with other aspects of thyroid function, thyroid suppressibility and activity of eye signs. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1973 Oct;2(4):369–376. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1973.tb01723.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Osserman K. E., Tsairis P., Weiner L. B. Myasthenia gravis and thyroid disease: clinical and immunologic correlation. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1967 Sep-Oct;34(5):469–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Ostroumova M. N., Bershtein L. M., Anisimov V. N. Vliianie tiroksina na soderzhanie biogennykh aminov v gipotalamuse krys razlichnogo vozrasta. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1978 Oct;64(10):1382–1385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Otter R., Wiersinga W. M., Peeters H. F., Bleeker G. M., Touber J. L. Ervaring met de thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-test bij de diagnostiek van Graves' oftalmopathie. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1982 Nov 27;126(48):2189–2193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. PINCHERA A., PINCHERA M. G., STANBURY J. B. THYROTROPIN AND LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR ASSAYS IN THYROID DISEASE. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1965 Feb;25:189–208. doi: 10.1210/jcem-25-2-189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. POHJOLA S. UNILATERAL EXOPHTHALMOS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOCRINE EXOPHTHALMOS AND PSEUDOTUMOR. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1964;42:456–464. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1964.tb03638.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Panzo G. J., Tomsak R. L. A retrospective review of 26 cases of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 Aug;96(2):190–194. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)77786-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Passons G. A., Wood T. O. Conjunctival resection for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1984 Aug;91(8):966–968. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34207-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Pequegnat E. P., Mayberry W. E., McConahey W. M., Wyse E. P. Large doses of radioiodide in Graves' disease: effect on ophthalmopathy and long-acting thyroid stimulator. Mayo Clin Proc. 1967 Dec;42(12):802–811. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Perros P., Crombie A. L., Matthews J. N., Kendall-Taylor P. Age and gender influence the severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a study of 101 patients attending a combined thyroid-eye clinic. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993 Apr;38(4):367–372. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00516.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Peter S. A. Euthyroid Graves' disease. Report of a case observed over a 12-year period. Am J Med. 1986 Jun;80(6):1197–1198. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90686-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Petersen I. A., Kriss J. P., McDougall I. R., Donaldson S. S. Prognostic factors in the radiotherapy of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Aug;19(2):259–264. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90532-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Pigeon P., Orgiazzi J., Berthezene F., Gerard J. P., Haguenauer J. P., Mornex R. High voltage orbital radiotherapy and surgical orbital decompression in the management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Horm Res. 1987;26(1-4):172–176. doi: 10.1159/000180697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Pinchera A., Marcocci C., Bartalena L., Panicucci M., Marconcini C., Lepri A., Cavallacci G., Cartei F., Laddaga M. Orbital cobalt radiotherapy and systemic or retrobulbar corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Horm Res. 1987;26(1-4):177–183. doi: 10.1159/000180698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Porter A. T., Ostrowski M. J. Fluctuating thyroid dysfunction following irradiation of the neck for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. J R Soc Med. 1988 Jan;81(1):45–46. doi: 10.1177/014107688808100119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Prummel M. F., Mourits M. P., Berghout A., Krenning E. P., van der Gaag R., Koornneef L., Wiersinga W. M. Prednisone and cyclosporine in the treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 16;321(20):1353–1359. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911163212002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Prummel M. F., Wiersinga W. M. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):479–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Reader A. L., 3rd Normal variations of intraocular pressure on vertical gaze. Ophthalmology. 1982 Sep;89(9):1084–1087. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34680-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Rosch P. J. Stressful life events and Graves' disease. Lancet. 1993 Sep 4;342(8871):566–567. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91402-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. SAHAY B. M., BLENDIS L. M., GREENE R. RELATION BETWEEN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND THYROID DISEASE. Br Med J. 1965 Mar 20;1(5437):762–765. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5437.762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Salvi M., Zhang Z. G., Haegert D., Woo M., Liberman A., Cadarso L., Wall J. R. Patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy not associated with overt thyroid disease have multiple thyroid immunological abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Jan;70(1):89–94. doi: 10.1210/jcem-70-1-89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Sergott R. C., Felberg N. T., Savino P. J., Blizzard J. J., Schatz N. J. E-rosette formation in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979 Dec;18(12):1245–1251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Sergott R. C., Felberg N. T., Savino P. J., Blizzard J. J., Schatz N. J. Graves' ophthalmopathy--immunologic parameters related to corticosteroid therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Feb;20(2):173–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Sergott R. C., Glaser J. S. Graves' ophthalmopathy. A clinical and immunologic review. Surv Ophthalmol. 1981 Jul-Aug;26(1):1–21. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90120-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Shine B., Fells P., Edwards O. M., Weetman A. P. Association between Graves' ophthalmopathy and smoking. Lancet. 1990 May 26;335(8700):1261–1263. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91315-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Small R. G. Upper eyelid retraction in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a new surgical technique and a study of the abnormal levator muscle. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1988;86:725–793. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Smith T. J., Bahn R. S., Gorman C. A. Connective tissue, glycosaminoglycans, and diseases of the thyroid. Endocr Rev. 1989 Aug;10(3):366–391. doi: 10.1210/edrv-10-3-366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Solem J. H., Segaard E., Ytteborg J. The course of endocrine ophthalmopathy during antithyroid therapy in a prospective study. Acta Med Scand. 1979;205(1-2):111–114. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb06012.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Solomon D. H., Chopra I. J., Chopra U., Smith F. J. Identification of subgroups of euthyroid graves's ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jan 27;296(4):181–186. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197701272960401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Sonino N., Girelli M. E., Boscaro M., Fallo F., Busnardo B., Fava G. A. Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. A controlled study. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993 Apr;128(4):293–296. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1280293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Sridama V., DeGroot L. J. Treatment of Graves' disease and the course of ophthalmopathy. Am J Med. 1989 Jul;87(1):70–73. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(89)80485-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Streeten D. H., Anderson G. H., Jr, Reed G. F., Woo P. Prevalence, natural history and surgical treatment of exophthalmos. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987 Jul;27(1):125–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1987.tb00848.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. TAYLOR N., LARGE A., NOTH P. Propylthiouracil in thyrotoxicosis; alternate cases treated medically and surgically. Am J Med Sci. 1950 Oct;220(4):362–372. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195022040-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. THEODORE F. H. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1963 Jan;42:25–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Tallstedt L., Lundell G., Tørring O., Wallin G., Ljunggren J. G., Blomgren H., Taube A. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jun 25;326(26):1733–1738. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199206253262603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Tamai H., Nakagawa T., Ohsako N., Fukino O., Takahashi H., Matsuzuka F., Kuma K., Nagataki S. Changes in thyroid functions in patients with euthyroid Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980 Jan;50(1):108–112. doi: 10.1210/jcem-50-1-108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Tamaki H., Amino N., Iwatani Y., Miyai K. Improvement of infiltrative ophthalmopathy in parallel with decrease of thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) activity in two patients with hypothyroid Graves' disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 Jan;12(1):47–53. doi: 10.1007/BF03349918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Tellez M., Cooper J., Edmonds C. Graves' ophthalmopathy in relation to cigarette smoking and ethnic origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992 Mar;36(3):291–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01445.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Teng C. S., Crombie A. L., Hall R., Ross W. M. An evaluation of supervoltage orbital irradiation for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1980 Dec;13(6):545–551. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb03422.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Teng C. S., Smith B. R., Clayton B., Evered D. C., Clark F., Hall R. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in ophthalmic Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977 Mar;6(3):207–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb03316.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Teng C. S., Yeo P. P. Ophthalmic Graves's disease: natural history and detailed thyroid function studies. Br Med J. 1977 Jan 29;1(6056):273–275. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6056.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Tenzel R. R. Comments on superior limbic filamentous keratitis: II. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Apr;79(4):508–508. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.03850040510033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Theodore F. H. Comments on findings of elevated protein-bound iodine in superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis: I. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Apr;79(4):508–508. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.03850040510032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Theodore F. H., Ferry A. P. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical and pathological correlations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970 Oct;84(4):481–484. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1970.00990040483016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Theodore F. H. Further observations on superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1967 Mar-Apr;71(2):341–351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Theodore F. H. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983 Oct;101(10):1627–1629. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020629032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Trobe J. D., Glaser J. S., Laflamme P. Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Clinical profile and rationale for management. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978 Jul;96(7):1199–1209. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060033007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Trokel S. L., Jakobiec F. A. Correlation of CT scanning and pathologic features of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jun;88(6):553–564. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34993-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Tunbridge W. M., Evered D. C., Hall R., Appleton D., Brewis M., Clark F., Evans J. G., Young E., Bird T., Smith P. A. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977 Dec;7(6):481–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Utiger R. D. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jun 25;326(26):1772–1773. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199206253262610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Utiger R. D. Treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 16;321(20):1403–1405. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911163212009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. VAIL D. The treatment of postthyrotoxic exophthalmos. The suggested use of dextro-thyroxine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1961 Aug;52:145–155. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(61)91109-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Van Dyk H. J. Orbital Graves' disease. A modification of the "NO SPECS" classification. Ophthalmology. 1981 Jun;88(6):479–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Vangheluwe O., Ducasse A., Vaudrey C., Maes B., Delisle M. J., Segal A. Prévalence de l'ophtalmopathie au cours de la maladie de Basedow. A propos d'une étude prospective portant sur 85 cas. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1992;15(8-9):469–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Volpé R., Desbarats-Schonbaum M. L., Schonbaum E., Row V. V., Ezrin C. The effect of radioablation of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease with high levels of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS). Am J Med. 1969 Feb;46(2):217–226. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(69)90006-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. WEEKERS R., PRIJOT E., LAVERGNE G. [Measurement of ocular pressure, resistance to the flow of aqueous humor and rigidity in endocrine exophthalmias]. Ophthalmologica. 1960 May;139:382–392. doi: 10.1159/000303726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. WERNER S. C., COELHO B., QUIMBY E. H. Ten year results of I-131 therapy of hyperthyroidism. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1957 Nov;33(11):783–806. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. WERNER S. C. Euthyroid patients with early eye signs of Graves' disease; their responses to L-triiodothyronine and thyrotropin. Am J Med. 1955 Apr;18(4):608–612. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(55)90461-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. WYBAR K. C. The nature of endocrine exophthalmos. Bibl Ophthalmol. 1957;13(49):119–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Wall J. R., Henderson J., Strakosch C. R., Joyner D. M. Graves' ophthalmopathy. Can Med Assoc J. 1981 Apr 1;124(7):855-62, 866. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Waller R. R. Eyelid malpositions in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1982;80:855–930. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Wasnich R. D., Grumet F. C., Payne R. O., Kriss J. P. Graves' ophthalmopathy following external neck irradiation for nonthyroidal neoplastic disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Nov;37(5):703–713. doi: 10.1210/jcem-37-5-703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Wenzel K. W., Schleusener H., Weise W. Durch externe Schilddrüsenbestrahlung ausgelöste Hyperthyreose und endokrine Ophthalmopathie. Hinweis auf immunologische Pathogenese. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1974 Oct 11;99(41):2036–2039. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1108087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Werner S. C. Classification of the eye changes of Grave's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969 Jul;29(7):982–984. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-7-982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Werner S. C. Classification of thyroid disease. Report of the Committee on Nomenclature. The American Thyroid Association. I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969 Jun;29(6):860–862. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-6-860. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Werner S. C., Feind C. R., Aida M. Graves's disease and total thyroidectomy. Progression of severe eye changes and decrease in serum long acting thyroid stimulator after operation. N Engl J Med. 1967 Jan 19;276(3):132–138. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196701192760302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Werner S. C. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 May;83(5):725–727. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(77)90140-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Werner S. C. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease: recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Thyroid Association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977 Jan;44(1):203–204. doi: 10.1210/jcem-44-1-203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Werner S. C. The eye changes of Graves' disease: overview. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972 Dec;47(12):969–974. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. White I. L. Total thyroid ablation: a prerequisite to orbital decompression for Graves disease ophthalmopathy. Laryngoscope. 1974 Nov;84(11):1869–1875. doi: 10.1002/lary.5540841101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Wiersinga W. M. Immunosuppressive treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 1992 Fall;2(3):229–233. doi: 10.1089/thy.1992.2.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Wiersinga W. M., Prummel M. F., Mourits M. P., Koornneef L., Buller H. R. Classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease. Thyroid. 1991 Winter;1(4):357–360. doi: 10.1089/thy.1991.1.357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Wiersinga W. M., Smit T., van der Gaag R., Koornneef L. Temporal relationship between onset of Graves' ophthalmopathy and onset of thyroidal Graves' disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 Sep;11(8):615–619. doi: 10.1007/BF03350193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Wiersinga W. M., Smit T., van der Gaag R., Mourits M., Koornneef L. Clinical presentation of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmic Res. 1989;21(2):73–82. doi: 10.1159/000266782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Wilson F. M., 2nd, Ostler H. B. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1986 Winter;26(4):99–112. doi: 10.1097/00004397-198602640-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Winsa B., Mandahl A., Karlsson F. A. Graves' disease, endocrine ophthalmopathy and smoking. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993 Feb;128(2):156–160. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1280156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Wright P. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1972;92:555–560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Wyse E. P., McConahey W. M., Woolner L. B., Scholz D. A., Kearns T. P. Ophthalmopathy without hyperthyroidism in patients with histologic Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968 Nov;28(11):1623–1629. doi: 10.1210/jcem-28-11-1623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Zappia R. J., Winkelman J. Z., Gay A. J. Intraocular pressure changes in normal subjects and the adhesive muscle syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971 Apr;71(4):880–883. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90259-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Zellmann H. E., Sedgwick C. E. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Coincidental occurrence. Lahey Clin Found Bull. 1966;15(2):53–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES