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. 2026 Mar 4;15(5):1934. doi: 10.3390/jcm15051934
UBE unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery
HSV hue, saturation, and value
IoU intersection-over-union
AI artificial intelligence
RGB red-green-blue
GT ground-truth
PPV positive predictive value
NPV negative predictive value
CIs Confidence intervals