Table 1. Selected studies involving virulence plasmid patterns of Rhodococcus equi in livestock and wild boars intended for consumption and human infections.
| Species | Samples (N samples) | Number of R. equi isolated (%) | VAP types and subtypes-positive isolates | Plasmidless | Article and country | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pVAPA and subtypes | pVAPB and subtypes | pVAPN | ||||||
| Humans | ||||||||
| bronchial wash, nasal mucosa, blood, lung, hepatic, and cutaneous fragments and the fingernail region (N=20) |
20 isolates (stocked) |
pVAPA: 4 isolates 85-kb subtype I and 87-kb subtype I |
pVAPB: 5 isolates Subtype 8 |
NI | 11 isolates | Ribeiro et al. 27 Brazil | ||
| different clinical samples (N=38) | 39 isolates (stocked) |
pVAPA: 8 isolates 85-kb subtype I |
pVAPB: 10 isolates Subtypes: 1, 10, 22, 26, 31, and 32 |
pVAPN: 7 isolates |
13 isolates (1 isolate excluded) | Takai et al. 7 Japan | ||
| data not available (N=26) |
26 isolates (stocked) |
pVAPA: 4 isolates | pVAPB: 6 isolates | pVAPN: 1 isolate |
14 isolates (1 isolate nontippable) | Salazar-Rodriguez et al. 10 Cuba |
||
| Porcine | ||||||||
| pigs | submaxillary lymph nodes without lymphadenitis (N=1,832) | 56 isolates (3.1%) |
pVAPA: 1 isolate 90-kb |
pVAPB: 54 isolates Subtypes: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 |
NI | 1 isolate | Takai et al. 17 Japan | |
| pigs | submaxillary lymph nodes without lymphadenitis (N=1,173) | 164 isolates (14%) |
none | pVAPB: 44 isolates Subtypes: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 1 new variant |
NI | 120 isolates | Makrai et al. 39 Hungary | |
| wild boars (Sus scrofa) | submaxillary lymph nodes (N=482) | 82 isolates from 60 samples (12.4%) | none | pVAPB: 21 isolates Subtypes: 1, 5, 21, and 3 new variants (25, 26, and 27) |
NI | 61 isolates | Makrai et al. 43 Hungary | |
| pigs | submaxillary and mesenteric lymph nodes with (N=129) and without lymphadenitis (N=129) |
19 isolates: 17 isolates with lymphadenitis and 2 without lymphadenitis (7.4%) |
none | pVAPB: 12 isolates Subtypes: 1, 8, 10, and 29 |
NI | 7 isolates | Ribeiro et al. 44 Brazil | |
| wild boars (Sus scrofa) | submaxillary and mesenteric lymph nodes with (N=60) and without lymphadenitis (N=60) |
4 isolates with lymphadenitis (6.7%) | none | pVAPB: 4 isolates Subtype: 8 |
NI | none | ||
| wild boars (Sus scrofa) | submaxillary lymph nodes (N=86) | 45 isolates (52%) |
pVAPA: 1 isolate 87-kb subtype II |
pVAPB: 21 isolates Subtypes: 1, 2, 4, and 3 new variants |
NI | 23 isolates | Sakai et al. 45 Japan | |
| pigs | submaxillary lymph nodes with lymphadenitis (N=232) | 57 isolates (24.6%) |
none | pVAPB: 56 isolates Subtypes: 1, 2, 3, 9, 13, and 14 |
NI | 1 isolate | Matsuoka et al. 46 Japan |
|
| submaxillary lymph nodes without lymphadenitis (N=420) | 10 isolates (2.4%) |
none | pVAPB: 6 isolates Subtypes: included above among lymph nodes with lesions |
NI | 4 isolates | |||
| Miscellaneous* | ||||||||
| humans | sputum, blood, abscesses, bronchoalveolar lavage, and pleural fluids (N=69) | 69 isolates (stocked) |
none | pVAPB: 52 isolates Subtypes: 1, 4, 7, 12, and 4 new variants |
NI | 17 isolates | Takai et al. 5 Thailand | |
| pigs | submaxillary lymph nodes with lymphadenitis (N=500) | 20 isolates from 4 positive-samples (0.8%) |
none | pVAPB: 15 isolates Subtypes: 1, 7, 13, and 15 |
NI | 5 isolates | ||
| submaxillary lymph nodes (N=398) | 105 isolates (26.6%) |
none | pVAPB: 103 isolates Subtypes: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 21, and 31 |
NI | 2 isolates | Witkowski et al. 6 Poland |
||
| bovines | submaxillary lymph nodes (N=234) | 3 isolates (1.3%) |
none | pVAPB: 3 isolates Subtype: 26 |
NI | none | ||
| horses | retropharyngeal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (N=198) | 1 isolate (0.5%) |
pVAPA: 1 isolate 85-kb subtype I |
none | NI | none | ||
| humans | bronchial wash, blood, abscesses, skin lesions, and organ fragments (N=74) | 74 isolates (stocked) |
none | pVAPB: 7 isolates Subtypes: 8 and 11 |
pVAPN: 2 isolates |
65 isolates | Ribeiro et al. 8 Brazil | |
| bovines | submaxillary, mesenteric, and mediastinal lymph nodes with lymphadenitis (N=100) | 31 isolates (31%) |
none | none | pVAPN: 13 isolates |
18 isolates | ||
| feces (N=100) |
49 isolates (49%) |
none | none | none | 49 isolates | |||
Miscellaneous
*
= comparative studies between humans, bovines, pigs, or horses; N = number; % = percentage; NI = not investigated.