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. 2026 Mar 12;16:8953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40078-5

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Correlation matrix (a), and Heatmap (b) of germination and physiochemical-related traits of rice seedlings primed with different silica and silica nanoparticles across two concentrations, 30 and 100 ppm. Abbreviations: GP; germination percentage, GR.1; germination rate, GI; germination index, GRI; germination rate index, VI; vigour index, SDWT; seedling dry weight, SFWT; seedling fresh weight, SL; seedling length, RD; root dehydrogenase, TSS; total soluble sugars, MDA; malondialdehyde, H₂O₂; hydrogen peroxide, CAT; catalase, POD; peroxidase, PPO; polyphenol oxidase, GR; glutathione reductase, GSH; reduced glutathione.