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. 2026 Mar 12;16:8953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40078-5

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of silica and silica nanoparticles priming at 30 and 100 ppm concentrations on (a) seedling length, (b) seedling fresh weight, and (c) seedling dry weight of 6-day-old rice seedlings. Data are presented as means ± SE. Significant differences in the mean value of each treatment are represented by different lowercase letter (s) based on Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05, n = 3). HP: hydro priming, Bulk-Si: silica, Bio-SiNP: biologically synthesized silica nanoparticles, Chem-SiNP: chemically synthesized silica nanoparticles.