Table 1.

Descriptions of the six systems used for MD simulations

	External potential is applied to:	Direction of the biased rotationa	Rotation increments	The system relaxes:
System 1	Both downstream and upstream parts	Downstream→Counterclockwise	10°	Positive supercoils
		Upstream→No rotation	0°
System 2	Both downstream and upstream parts	Downstream→Clockwise	10°	Negative supercoils
		Upstream→No rotation	0°
System 3	Both downstream and upstream parts	Downstream→Counterclockwise	10°	Positive supercoils
		Upstream→Clockwise	10°
System 4	Both downstream and upstream parts	Downstream→Clockwise	10°	Negative supercoils
		Upstream→Counterclockwise	10°
System 5	Only downstream part	Downstream→Counterclockwise	10°	Positive supercoils
		Upstream→No rotation	0°
System 6	Only downstream part	Downstream→Clockwise	10°	Negative supercoils
		Upstream→No rotation	0°

^aWhen looking from the perspective in Figure 1A, i.e. from the linker side of the protein.